Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | September 25, 1915 Ethel May 12, 1918 Julius New York City (both) |
| Died | June 19, 1953 (aged 37) Ethel June 19, 1953 (aged 35) Julius Sing Sing Prison (both) |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer, secretary (Ethel), Electrical engineer (Julius) |
| Criminal status | Executed |
| Children | Michael Meeropol, Robert Meeropol |
| Criminal charge | Conspiracy to commit espionage |
| Penalty | Capital punishment |
Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (25 September 1915 – 19 June 1953) and Julius Rosenberg (12 May 1918 – 19 June 1953) were an American married couple who were executed for espionage during the Cold War.
The Rosenbergs were members of the Communist Party of the United States.[1][2] They were accused of giving information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union (a communist country).[1] Later evidence showed that Julius was a spy, but Ethel was not.[3]
Espionage
[change | change source]Julius Rosenberg was an electrical engineer at the United States Army Corps Engineering Laboratories. He was recruited by Soviet spies on Labor Day in 1942.[4][5]
By late 1944, Julius had become a recruiter for Soviet spies, and he supervised several other spies, including his brother-in-law David Greenglass.[5] Greenglass was a machinist for the Manhattan Project (the United States Army's secret program to build an atomic bomb).[2]
Greenglass was arrested on 15 June 1950. He confessed to spying and said Julius was involved. He later testified that he gave Julius information about nuclear weapons.[6] Greenglass originally said his sister Ethel was not involved, but later said she was.[5]
On 17 July 1950, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Julius. They arrested Ethel three and a half weeks later.[7] The Rosenbergs were accused of giving information about nuclear weapons to another spy, who then gave it to a Soviet official in New York City.[2]
Convictions
[change | change source]In 1951 Julius and Ethel were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war. President Dwight D. Eisenhower later explained in a press release:[8]
They have been found guilty of conspiring with intent and reason to believe that it would [help] a foreign power, to deliver to ... that foreign power certain highly secret atomic information relating to the national defense of the United States.
Many people (in many countries) thought the Rosenbergs were innocent. Some supporters thought they were being persecuted because of antisemitism.[7] (Both were of Jewish descent.[9][10]) Others believed the Rosenbergs were guilty, but should not be executed.
Executions
[change | change source]
As president, Eisenhower had the power to stop the Rosenbergs' execution.[11] (This power is called executive clemency.[12]) He refused, saying on 11 February 1953:[8]
[T]he crime for which they have been found guilty and sentenced far exceeds [the crime] of the taking of the life of another citizen [by executing them]; it involves the deliberate betrayal of the entire nation and could [easily] result in the death of many, many thousands of innocent citizens[.]
Protests
[change | change source]By the next day, 436 people had sent telegrams asking Eisenhower to reconsider and stop the execution.[13] According to a White House memo, most of these people lived in cities on the East and West Coasts (especially New York and California).[13] As time went on, supporters continued to contact Eisenhower. A White House memo describes how the Rosenbergs' sons asked Eisenhower not to execute their parents:[14]
Note of 2/16/53 to the President from Michael and Robert Rosenberg... [they] state they don't want to be left without a mommy and daddy.
As their execution date approached, the Rosenbergs' supporters organized rallies and urged people to contact Eisenhower.[15] However, they were not successful.
Both Rosenbergs were executed by electrocution on 19 June 1953, at Sing Sing Prison in New York. They were the first American civilians ever to be executed for conspiracy to commit espionage during wartime.[16][17][18][2]
Post-war evidence
[change | change source]After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, many secret Soviet records were released. Evidence showed that Julius Rosenberg had been a spy, but Ethel had not.[3] Based on this evidence, her sons (and other supporters) have asked several United States presidents to exonerate Ethel.[19]
According to Edward Shapiro's research:[7]
The Rosenberg case neither resulted from nor increased anti-Semitism ... [There have been] questions regarding the fairness of the trial. Nevertheless, no evidence [exists] that the jury’s decision or the sentence would have differed had the Rosenbergs been Gentiles."
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Julius and Ethel Rosenberg". Eisenhower Presidential Library. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Jenkins, John Phillip (October 6, 2024). "Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Eric Tucker. "Declassified documents shed light on Ethel Rosenberg's involvement in her husband's Cold War spy case". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
- ↑ "Julius Rosenberg". The National Museum of Nuclear Science and History. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Why Were the Rosenbergs Executed?". HISTORY. September 19, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
- ↑ "David Greenglass Testimony" (PDF). United States National Archives and Records Administration. August 7, 1950. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Shapiro, Edward S. "Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (Reprinted with permission from A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II (Johns Hopkins University Press)". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Press Release, February 11, 1953 [NSC Staff Papers, PSB Central Files Series, Box 26, PSB 383.4; NAID #12572005]" (PDF). Eisenhower Presidential Library. February 11, 1953. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- ↑ Denison, Charles; Denison, Chuck (2004). The Great American Songbook: The Stories Behind the Standards. Author's Choice Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-931741-42-2.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America
- ↑ "Application for Executive Clemency, denied by President Eisenhower, January 10, 1953 [DDE's Records as President, Official File, Box 354, OF-101-R Amnesty- Pardons, Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel (2); NAID #12451358]" (PDF). Eisenhower Presidential Library.
- ↑ "Office of the Pardon Attorney | Legal Authority Governing Executive Clemency". United States Department of Justice. January 12, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hopkins, William J. (February 12, 1953). "Memoranda, Hopkins to Stephens re: public response to President's action in Rosenberg case, February 12, 1953 [DDE's Records as President, Official File, Box 354, OF-101-R Amnesty-Pardons, Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel (1); NAID #12166850]" (PDF). Eisenhower Presidential Library.
- ↑ "Memoranda for file regarding Michael Rosenberg's note to President Eisenhower, February 27, 1953 [DDE's Records as President, Official File, Box 354, OF-101-R Amnesty-Pardons, Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel (1); NAID #12166857]" (PDF). Eisenhower Presidential Library. February 27, 1953. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- ↑ "Flyer, clemency rally announcement (includes Michael Rosenberg's letter to President Eisenhower), no date [DDE's Papers as President, Administration Series, Box 32, Rosenberg Case Statement; NAID #12572784]" (PDF). Eisenhower Presidential Library.
- ↑ Radosh, Ronald (June 10, 2016). "Rosenbergs Redux". Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ↑ "What the K.G.B. Files Show About Ethel Rosenberg". The New York Times. August 13, 2015. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
- ↑ Radosh, Ronald; Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; Hornblum, Allen M.; Usdin, Steven (October 17, 2014). "The New York Times Gets Greenglass Wrong". Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ↑ "Exonerate Ethel". Rosenberg Fund for Children. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
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