Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide
Ball-and-stick model of hydrogen sulfide	Spacefill model of hydrogen sulfide
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name Hydrogen sulfide
	Other names Dihydrogen monosulfide; Dihydrogen sulfide; Sewer gas; Sulfane; Sulfurated hydrogen; Sulfureted hydrogen; Sulfuretted hydrogen; Sulfur hydride; Hydrosulfuric acid; Hydrothionic acid; Thiohydroxic acid; Sulfhydric acid;
Identifiers
CAS Number	7783-06-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
3DMet	B01206;
Beilstein Reference	3535004
ChEBI	CHEBI:16136 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200739 ;
ChemSpider	391 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.070
EC Number	231-977-3;
Gmelin Reference	303
KEGG	C00283 ;
MeSH	Hydrogen+sulfide
PubChem CID	402;
RTECS number	MX1225000;
UNII	YY9FVM7NSN ;
UN number	1053
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4024149 ;
	SMILES [H]S[H];
Properties
Chemical formula	H2S
Molar mass	34.08 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Rotten eggs
Density	1.363 g dm−3
Melting point	−82 °C (−116 °F; 191 K)
Boiling point	−60 °C (−76 °F; 213 K)
Solubility in water	4 g dm−3 (at 20 °C)
Vapor pressure	1740 kPa (at 21 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	7.0
Conjugate acid	Sulfonium
Conjugate base	Bisulfide
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−25.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.000644 (0 °C)
Structure
Point group	C2v
Molecular shape	Bent
Dipole moment	0.97 D
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation ΔfHo298	−21 kJ mol−1
Standard molar; entropy So298	206 J mol−1 K−1
Specific heat capacity, C	1.003 J K−1 g−1
Hazards
EU classification	F+ T+ N
Main hazards	Flammable and highly toxic
	4 4 0
R-phrases	R12, R26, R50
S-phrases	(S1/2), S9, S16, S36, S38, S45, S61
Explosive limits	4.3–46%
U.S. Permissible; exposure limit (PEL)	C 20 ppm; 50 ppm [10-minute maximum peak]
Related compounds
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	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Hydrogen sulfide (British English: hydrogen sulphide) is the chemical compound with the formula H
₂S, is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul smell of rotten eggs and flatulence. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter if there is no oxygen. This happens in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also happens in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. This is the smell that people often think to be that of sulfur. But sulfur itself does not smell.

Hydrogen sulfide is also known as sulfane, sulfur hydride, sour gas, sulfurated hydrogen, hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. IUPAC accepts the names "hydrogen sulfide" and "sulfane". When people speak of more complicated compounds they always use the term "sulfane".

Occurrence

Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide can be found in crude petroleum. Sour natural gas can contain up to 28%. But, sour natural gas must be cleaned before it can enter a long distance pipeline. Pipelines limit hydrogen sulfide to 3 grains per thousand cubic feet of natural gas.^[6] Volcanoes and hot springs give off some H₂S, where it probably is made by the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals, i.e. MS + H₂O to give MO + H₂S.

Normal average concentration in clean air is about 0.0001-0.0002 ppm.

Safety

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces.

Toxicity

Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of H₂S is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide.

References

↑ "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
↑ Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
↑ Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432–433.
↑ Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049439-8.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
↑ "Southern Natural Gas Company Tariff, General Terms and Conditions Section 3.1(b)". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2011.

"Hydrogen Sulfide", Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, University Park Press, 1979, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8391-0127-9

Other websites

International Chemical Safety Card 0165
Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 53
National Pollutant Inventory - Hydrogen sulfide fact sheet Archived 2006-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
MSDS safety data sheet Archived 2007-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Abstract of survey article on H₂S as used by the body, by P. Kamoun
Computational Chemistry Wiki Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine

[1] "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

[2] Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

[3] Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432–433.

[4] Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049439-8.

[b1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

[6] "Southern Natural Gas Company Tariff, General Terms and Conditions Section 3.1(b)". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2011.

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