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Milky Way
The Milky Way's galactic center in the night sky above the Paranal Observatory (the laser creates a guide for the telescope)
Observation data
Distance26.4 ± 1.0 kly (8.09 ± 0.31 kpc) (from Sun)[1][2][3]
Characteristics
TypeSb, Sbc, or SB(rs)bc[4][5] (barred spiral galaxy)
Mass0.8–1.5×1012 M☉[6][7][8][9] M☉
Number of stars100–400 billion [(1–4)×1011][10]
See also: Galaxy, List of galaxies

The Milky Way is our home galaxy. It contains around 400 billion stars,[11][12][13][14][15] including our Sun.[16]

The Milky Way has a diameter of 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years) as measured using the D25isophote,[17][18][19] and is a barred spiral galaxy. The idea that the Milky Way is made of stars goes back to the Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus.[16]

The Milky Way has three main parts: a disk, where the Solar System is, a bulge at the core, and an outer halo all around it.[20] Although the word "disk" suggests it is flat, the Milky Way is actually not quite flat. It is slightly warped and twisted.[21]

This galaxy belongs to the Local Group of three large galaxies and over 50 smaller galaxies. The Milky Way is one of the largest galaxies in the group, second to the Andromeda Galaxy.[11] Its closest neighbour is the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, which is about 25,000 light years away from the Earth. The Andromeda Galaxy is moving towards the Milky Way Galaxy and will collide with it in about 3.75 billion years.[22] The Andromeda Galaxy moves with a speed of about 1,800 kilometres per minute.[16]

Origin: "Two of the Milky Way's earliest building blocks" are known; Shakti and Shiva seem "to be (left-overs or) remnants of two galaxies that (were joined or) merged ... with an early version of the Milky Way"; That seems to have happened "between 12 and 13 billion years ago";.[23]

Size

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The stellar disk of the Milky Way Galaxy is about 200,000 light-years (9×1017 km) in diameter, and is considered to be, on average, about 1000 light years thick.[24]

It is estimated to contain at least 100 billion stars,[25] and possibly up to 400 billion stars.[26] The figure depends on the number of very low-mass, or dwarf stars, which are hard to detect, especially more than 300 light years from our sun. Therefore, present estimates of the total number are uncertain. This can be compared to the one trillion (1012) stars of the neighbouring Andromeda Galaxy.[27]

The stellar disc of the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge, a radius beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the number of stars drops smoothly with distance from the centre of the Galaxy. Beyond a radius of about 40,000 light years, the number of stars drops much faster, for reasons that are not understood.[28]

Extending beyond the stellar disk is a much thicker disk of gas. Observations indicate that the gaseous disk of the Milky Way has a thickness of around 12000 light years–twice the previously accepted value.[29]

At 220 kilometers per second it takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Galaxy (a galactic year).[30]

The Galactic halo extends outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and the Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach is at about 180,000 light years.[31] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds, and the objects would likely be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way.

As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to the orbit of Pluto were reduced to the size of a US quarter (about an inch or 25 mm in diameter), the Milky Way would have a diameter of 2,000 kilometers.[32]

Galactic center

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Observed spiral structure of the Milky Way galaxy.[33] The arrow points the direction of the solar system's motion relative to the spiral arms.
The Milky Way's spiral arms. Our Sun is in the Orion–Cygnus Arm.

The galactic disc, which bulges outward at the galactic center, has a diameter of 170–200,000 light years.[34]

The exact distance from the Sun to the galactic center is debated. The latest estimates give distances to the Galactic center of 25–28,000 light years.[35][36][37][38]

The movement of material around the galactic center shows that it has a compact object of very large mass.[39] The intense radio source named Sagittarius A*, thought to mark the center of the Milky Way, is now confirmed to be a supermassive black hole.[40] Most galaxies are believed to have a supermassive black hole at their center.[41]

Most galaxies have a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 3,300 to 16,000 light years (short or a long bar) and 10–50 degrees.[37][38][42] Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of our own galaxy.[43]

Mythology

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In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son (the baby Heracles) whose mother was a mortal woman on Hera's breast while she is sleeping so that the baby will drink her divine milk and become immortal. However, Hera wakes up while she is breastfeeding the baby and realizes she is nursing a baby she does not know. According to Greek mythology, she then pushes the baby away and a stream of her milk sprays the night sky, making a faint band of light known as the Milky Way.[44]

References

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  1. ↑ Gillessen, S.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the Galactic Center". Astrophysical Journal. 692 (2): 1075–1109. arXiv:0810.4674. Bibcode:2009ApJ...692.1075G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 1431308.
  2. ↑ Boehle, A.; Ghez, A. M.; Schödel, R.; Meyer, L.; Yelda, S.; Albers, S.; Martinez, G. D.; Becklin, E. E.; Do, T.; Lu, J. R.; Matthews, K.; Morris, M. R.; Sitarski, B.; Witzel, G. (October 3, 2016). "An Improved Distance and Mass Estimate for SGR A* from a Multistar Orbit Analysis" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (1): 17. arXiv:1607.05726. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...17B. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/17. hdl:10261/147803. S2CID 307657.
  3. ↑ Gillessen, Stefan; Plewa, Philipp; Eisenhauer, Frank; Sari, Re'em; Waisberg, Idel; Habibi, Maryam; Pfuhl, Oliver; George, Elizabeth; Dexter, Jason; von Fellenberg, Sebastiano; Ott, Thomas; Genzel, Reinhard (November 28, 2016). "An update on monitoring stellar orbits in the galactic center". The Astrophysical Journal. 837 (1): 30. arXiv:1611.09144. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837...30G. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c41. S2CID 119087402.
  4. ↑ Gerhard, O. (2002). "Mass distribution in our Galaxy". Space Science Reviews. 100 (1/4): 129–138. arXiv:astro-ph/0203110. Bibcode:2002SSRv..100..129G. doi:10.1023/A:1015818111633. S2CID 42162871.
  5. ↑ Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (August 26, 2005). "Classification of the Milky Way Galaxy". SEDS. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  6. ↑ McMillan, P. J. (July 2011). "Mass models of the Milky Way". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 414 (3): 2446–2457. arXiv:1102.4340. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.414.2446M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18564.x. S2CID 119100616.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ↑ McMillan, Paul J. (February 11, 2017). "The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (1): 76–94. arXiv:1608.00971. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.465...76M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2759.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ↑ Kafle, P.R.; Sharma, S.; Lewis, G.F.; Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2012). "Kinematics of the Stellar Halo and the Mass Distribution of the Milky Way Using Blue Horizontal Branch Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 761 (2): 17. arXiv:1210.7527. Bibcode:2012ApJ...761...98K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/98. S2CID 119303111.
  9. ↑ Kafle, P.R.; Sharma, S.; Lewis, G.F.; Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2014). "On the Shoulders of Giants: Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way Mass Distribution". The Astrophysical Journal. 794 (1): 17. arXiv:1408.1787. Bibcode:2014ApJ...794...59K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/59. S2CID 119040135.
  10. ↑ Odenwald, S. (March 17, 2014). "Counting the Stars in the Milky Way". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Milky Way Galaxy". seds.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 1999. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  12. ↑ "The Milky Way Galaxy". cass.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  13. ↑ "NASA - Galaxy". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  14. ↑ "01.09.2006 - Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum". berkeley.edu. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  15. ↑ "How many stars are in the Milky Way?". universetoday.com. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Milky Way; Discovery of Milky Way; Milky Way Galaxy. SPACE.com". space.com. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  17. ↑ Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (22 April 1997). "The Milky Way is just an average spiral". arXiv:astro-ph/9704216.
  18. ↑ Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (August 1998). "The relative size of the Milky Way". The Observatory. 118: 201–208. Bibcode:1998Obs...118..201G.
  19. ↑ Castro-Rodríguez, N.; López-Corredoira, M.; Sánchez-Saavedra, M. L.; Battaner, E. (2002). "Warps and correlations with intrinsic parameters of galaxies in the visible and radio". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 391 (2): 519–530. arXiv:astro-ph/0205553. Bibcode:2002A&A...391..519C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020895. S2CID 17813024.
  20. ↑ "Our own Galaxy - the Milky Way". University of Cambridge. 1996. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  21. ↑ Ghosh, Pallab 2019. Milky Way galaxy is warped and twisted, not flat. BBC News Science & Environment. [1]
  22. ↑ NASA 2012. NASA's Hubble shows Milky Way is destined for head-on collision. NASA - NASA's Hubble shows Milky Way is destined for head-on collision
  23. ↑ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/03/240321155515.htm. Retrieved 2024-04-11
  24. ↑ Christian, Eric; Safi-Harb, Samar. "How large is the Milky Way?". NASA: Ask an Astrophysicist. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  25. ↑ Sanders, Robert (2006). "Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum". UCBerkeley News. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
  26. ↑ Frommert H; Kronberg C. (2005). "The Milky Way Galaxy". SEDS. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2007-05-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Young, Kelly (2006). "Andromeda galaxy hosts a trillion stars". NewScientist. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
  28. ↑ Sale, S. E.; Drew, J. E.; Knigge, C.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Irwin, M. J.; Morris, R. A. H.; Phillipps, S.; Drake, J. J.; Greimel, R.; Unruh, Y. C.; Groot, P. J.; Mampaso, A.; Walton, N. A. (2009). "The structure of the outer Galactic disc as revealed by IPHAS early a stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 402 (2): 713–723. arXiv:0909.3857. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15746.x. S2CID 12884630.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  29. ↑ "Milky Way fatter than first thought". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  30. ↑ Linda S. Sparke; John S. Gallagher, III (2007). Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-139-46238-9.
  31. ↑ Connors; Kawata, Daisuke; Gibson, Brad K.; et al. (2007). "N-body simulations of the Magellanic stream". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 371 (1): 108. arXiv:astro-ph/0508390. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.371..108C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10659.x. S2CID 15563258. Retrieved 2007-01-26.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  32. ↑ "How Big is Our Universe: How far is it across the Milky Way?". NASA-Smithsonian Education Forum on the Structure and Evolution of the Universe, at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  33. ↑ Taylor J.H. & Cordes J.M 1993. Astrophysical Journal 411: 674-684
  34. ↑ David freeman (May 25,2018) " The Milky way might be much bigger than thought "
  35. ↑ Eisenhauer F. et al 2005. SINFONI in the Galactic Center: young stars and infrared flares in the central light-month. The Astrophysical Journal 628 (1): 246–259. doi:10.1086/430667. SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central L Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  36. ↑ Gillessen S. et al 2009. "Monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the Galactic center". The Astrophysical Journal. 692
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Vanhollebeke E; Groenewegen M.A.T; Girardi L. 2009. "Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge. Modelling the Galactic bulge with TRILEGAL". A&A. 498
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Majaess D. 2010. "Concerning the distance to the center of the Milky Way and its structure". Acta A. 60
  39. ↑ Adams, David John; Cayless, Alan; Jones, Anthony W. (2004). An introduction to galaxies and cosmology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-54623-2.
  40. ↑ For a photo see Chandra X-ray Observatory; Jan. 6 2003
  41. ↑ Blandford R.D. 1999. Origin and evolution of massive black holes in galactic nuclei. In Galaxy Dynamics, ASP Conference Series vol. 182 Origin and Evolution of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei
  42. ↑ Cabrera-Lavers A. | display-authors = etal 1998. "The long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey". A&A. 491
  43. ↑ Staff (2005). "Introduction: Galactic Ring Survey". Boston University. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  44. ↑ Koneãn˘, Lubomír. "Emblematics, agriculture, and mythography in the origin of the Milky Way" (PDF). Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
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