Old Faithful Geyser
- There is also a regularly-erupting geyser named Old Faithful near Calistoga, California.
Old Faithful is a cone geyser in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, in the United States. Old Faithful was named in 1870 and was the first geyser in the park to get a name.[1][2]
Eruptions
[change | change source]Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 U.S. gallons (14–32 kL) of boiling water to a height of 106–184 feet (30–55 m) lasting from 1.5 to 5 minutes. The average height of an eruption is 145 feet (44 m).[3] Eruptions often occur about 90 minutes away from each other, but this difference in time can range from 45 to 125 minutes on occasion.[4] More than 137,000 eruptions have been recorded. Harry M. Woodward first described the relationship between the duration and intervals of the eruptions in 1938).[5] Old Faithful is not the highest or biggest geyser in the park; that title belongs to the less predictable Steamboat Geyser.[2]
Increasing interval
[change | change source]Over the years, the difference in time has increased, which may be the result of earthquakes changing underground water levels. These disruptions have made the earlier relationship inaccurate, but have made Old Faithful more predictable. With an error of 10 minutes, Old Faithful will erupt 65 minutes after an eruption lasting less than 2.5 minutes or 92 minutes after an eruption lasting more than 2.5 minutes. The reliability of Old Faithful is because it is not connected to any other thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin.[6]
Measurement
[change | change source]Between 1983 and 1994, four probes containing temperature and pressure measurement devices and video equipment were lowered into Old Faithful. The probes were lowered as deep as 72 feet (22 m). Temperature measurements of the water at this depth was 244 °F (118 °C), the same as was measured in 1942. The video probes were lowered to a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) to observe the conduit formation and the processes that took place in the conduit. Some of the processes observed include fog formation from the interaction of cool air from above mixing with heated air from below, the recharge processes of water entering into the conduit and expanding from below, and entry of superheated steam measuring as high as 265 °F (129 °C) into the conduit.[7]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Bauer, Clyde Max (1947). Yellowstone Geysers. Yellowstone Park, Wyoming: Haynes, Inc. ASIN B0007E44C4.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Old Faithful Geyser". Old Faithful Area Tour. Archived from the original on September 1, 2005. Retrieved September 18, 2005.
- ↑ Chapple, Janet (2005). Yellowstone Treasures. Providence, RI: Granite Peak Publications. p. 79. ISBN 0-9706873-1-1.
- ↑ "Old Faithful". The Geyser Observation and Study Association. 2007-09-20. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ↑ Harry R. Woodward (1939). "Season Report on the Naturalist Activities at Old Faithful Station".
- ↑ "Old Faithful slows, but grows". Billings Gazette. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
- ↑ Hutchinson R.A; Westphal J.A. & Kieffer S.W. (1997). "In situ observations of Old Faithful Geyser". Geology. 25 (10): 875–878. Bibcode:1997Geo....25..875H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0875:ISOOOF>2.3.CO;2.
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Other websites
[change | change source]- Old Faithful Geyser Webcam
- Time Lapse movie of Old Faithful Geyser Webcam Archived 2006-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
- A day in the life of Old Faithful Geyser, as timelapse video on YouTube
- Old Faithful Archived 2006-08-20 at the Wayback Machine information at the All Yellowstone site.
- Video Of Old Faithful Archived 2007-08-20 at the Wayback Machine at Nationalgeographic.com
- Old Faithful Widget Dashboard / Konfabulator widget for Mac or Windows.
- "Old Faithful Geyser Movies". Archived from the original on December 17, 2005. Retrieved September 18, 2005.