Antiziganism
Antiziganism, or antigypsyism, is the fear, dislike or hatred of Roma, also known as the Romani people.[1]
Overview
[change | change source]Antiziganism has been widespread in Europe since the Middle Ages.[2]
Persecution
[change | change source]The Roma are discriminated against in many countries.[3][4] They were subject to repeated mass murder as well.[3][4]
Modern period
[change | change source]Between the 1500s and the 1700s, Romani men could be hanged without a trial in many countries.[3] Muslim Roma reportedly face double discrimination – antiziganism and alleged Islamophobia.[5][better source needed]
Smears against the Roma are common, especially in European countries.[3][4] Unfortunately, the Roma are blamed just as the Jewish people[6] for social problems and wrongdoings of others.[3][4]
Genocide
[change | change source]Nazi Germany
[change | change source]In WWII, while the Holocaust was happening, the Roma were also subject to genocide by Nazi Germany, his allied countries and local collaborators in occupied territories.[7] Historians estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma had been killed during WWII.[8][9]
Related pages
[change | change source]- Independent State of Croatia
- Jasenovac concentration camp
- Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia
References
[change | change source]- ↑
- "Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved December 11, 2024.
Antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination is a manifestation of individual expressions and acts as well as institutional policies and practices of marginalization, exclusion, physical violence, devaluation of Roma cultures and lifestyles, and hate speech directed at Roma as well as other individuals and groups perceived, stigmatized, or persecuted during the Nazi era, and still today, as "Gypsies."
- "About antiziganism". Kommissionen mot Antiziganism. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
Antiziganism or anti-Gypsyism, is the particular racist structure, ideology and hostile prejudice targeted at Roma. It seeks to dehumanise, alienate and drive away Roma precisely because they are Roma.
- Antiziganism: What's in a Word?. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. March 18, 2015. ISBN 1-4438-7226-1. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- "Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- ↑
- Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (April 2, 2001). "Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review". BMC Medical Genetics. 2 (5). Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (2004). "The Roma – a Nation Without a State? Historical Background and Contemporary Tendencies" (PDF). Bernhard Streck (Hg.): Segmentation und Komplementarität. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Moorjani, Priya; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Kisfali, Péter; Melegh, Bela I.; Bonin, Michael; Kádaši, Ľudevít; Rieß, Olaf; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David; Melegh, Béla (March 13, 2013). "Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data". Plos One. 8 (3). Oxford, United Kingdom. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058633. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Segarra, Marta (2019). "Chapter 2 The Diasporic Identity of the Roma People". The World in Movement. Leiden, The Netherlands. pp. 75–87. doi:10.1163/9789004385405_004. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ena, Giacomo Francesco; Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen; Font-Porterias, Neus; Calafell, Calafell; Comas, David (November 8, 2022). "Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review". Genes. 13 (11). doi:10.3390/genes13112068. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
- Vrabiescu, I.C. (2014). The Subtlety of Racism: From Antiziganism to Romaphobia. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Rovid, Marton (September 13, 2021). "From tackling antigypsyism to remedying racial injustice". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 45 (9): 1738–1759. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Ryder, Andrew (January 3, 2024). "The Roma and the double-movement of Social Europe". Journal of European Integration. 46 (3): 387–404. doi:10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- "Mare Manuschenge. Sinti and Roma: A century between persecution, resistance and self-empowerment". Brandeis University. August 20, 2024. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- "Antigypsyism - European Network Against Racism". European Network Against Racism. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3
- Brearley, Margaret (2001). "The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe". American Behavioral Scientist. 45 (4). doi:10.1177/00027640121957367. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Stauber, Roni; Vago, Raphael (2007). The Roma - A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives. Central European University Press. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctt1cgf80x. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Ram, Melanie H. (2007). "Anti-discrimination policy and the Roma: Assessing the impact of EU enlargement". Croatian yearbook of European law & policy. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- End, Markus (2012). "History of antigypsyism in Europe: The social causes" (PDF). New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe. Berlin, Germany. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Urh, Špela; Lavalette, Michael; Penketh, Laura (December 30, 2013). "Six: Anti-Roma racism in Europe: past and recent perspectives". Race, Racism and Social Work. pp. 115–130. doi:10.51952/9781447307099.ch006. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- ↑ "Muslimische Roma: Doppelte Diskriminierung?".
- ↑
- Bernát, Anikó; Juhász, Attila; Krekó, Péter; Molnár, Csaba (2013). "The roots of radicalism and anti-Roma attitudes on the far right" (PDF). Academic.edu. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Cârstocea, Raul (2014). Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges (PDF). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Loveland, Matthew T.; Popescu, Delia (September 4, 2015). "The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union". Humanity & Society. 40 (3). doi:10.1177/0160597615601715. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Kende, Anna; Hadarics, Márton; Lášticová, Barbara (2017). "Anti-Roma attitudes as expressions of dominant social norms in Eastern Europe". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 60: 12–27. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Fejzula, Sebijan (2019). "The Anti-Roma Europe: Modern ways of disciplining the Roma body in urban spaces". Rev. Direito e Práx. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2019/43882. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
Original title in Portuguese: A Europa Anti-Roma: Formas modernas de disciplina do corpo Roma nos espaços urbanos
- ↑
- Reinhartz, Dennis (1999). "Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1080/14623529908413936.
Published online: 09 Nov 2007
- Tyaglyy, Mikhail (March 1, 2009). "Were the "Chingené" Victims of the Holocaust? Nazi Policy toward the Crimean Roma, 1941–1944". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 23 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcp015. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Kapralski, Sławomir (December 3, 2017). "Collaboration and the Genocide of Roma in Poland". Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory. pp. 215–240. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Kotljarchuk, Andrej (April 30, 2021). "Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine". Nationalities Paper. 50 (3). Cambridge University Press: 450–470. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.4. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- "European Commission commemorates Roma Holocaust Memorial Day on 2 August". The Brussels Times. August 1, 2024. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Reinhartz, Dennis (1999). "Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1080/14623529908413936.
- ↑
- "Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2013). The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration. Vol. 17 (1 ed.). Berghahn Books. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcvtb. JSTOR j.ctt9qcvtb. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Kelso, Michelle (2016). "'And Roma were victims, too.' The Romani genocide and Holocaust education in Romania". Holocaust Education (1 ed.). Routledge. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Huttenbach, Henry R. (1991). "The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Gypsies in Germany and Eastern Europe". The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781315490250. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Baumgartner, Gerhard; Tavcar, Miha (2014). "The Road Towards Genocide - The Process of Exclusion and Persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s". S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. (1). Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien: 5–18. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- ↑
- Huttenbach, Henry R. (November 20, 2018). "The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies". Nationalities Papers. 19 (3: Special issue - the Gypsies in Eastern Europe). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Waluszko, Monika Weychert (2020). "The Roma Genocide. The Roma Pariahs before, during, and after the Second World War". Narracje o Zagładzie (6). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego: 140–164. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- "Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli on European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day". European Union (EU). August 1, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office; The Rt Hon Lord Pickles (August 15, 2024). "80th anniversary of the Genocide of the Roma commemoration event in Newcastle". UK Government. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Aretakis, Catharine (September 12, 2024). "Beyond Nazism: the impact of native persecution dynamics on the genocide of the Roma and Sinti". Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History. doi:10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347. Retrieved December 7, 2024.