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Bipolar I disorder

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bipolar I disorder
Other namesBP-I, type one bipolar disorder, manic depression (formerly)
Medical specialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology
Usual onsetAround 25 years
Risk factorsSuicide, self-harm
Differential diagnosisOther bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder
TreatmentMedications, therapy
MedicationLithium, antipsychotics
PrognosisBad

Bipolar I disorder (BP-I; pronounced as "type one bipolar disorder") is a mental disorder that affects people's moods. The main part of bipolar I disorder is a manic episode. During a manic episode, someone's mood is extremely elevated and they may be more reckless, dangerous, or impulsive. This usually lasts around one week. Most people with bipolar I disorder will also have depressive episodes where they lose motivation for activities they used to like and may feel empty or hopeless. A depressive episode can last around two weeks.

Sometimes, people with bipolar I disorder are hospitalized because of mania. They may also have psychosis and struggle to know what is real or not. Medication is used to help people with bipolar I disorder. It usually has a bad prognosis, meaning the chance for the disorder to get less severe is low.

Diagnosis

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In order to be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, someone has to have a manic episode. During a manic episode, someone is extremely energized and their mood is very elevated. People going through mania usually have more self-esteem, are more talkative, are easily distracted, and may be more focused on completing goals. They may feel as if there are no consequences to their actions and may be more confident and reckless. For example, they may spend a lot of money, invest in businesses, drink a lot of alcohol, or be more sexually active. They may sleep less and be energized even if they didn't sleep much.[1][2] A manic episode lasts around seven days.[3][4] Sometimes, they are so serious that someone is hospitalized so they do not hurt themselves or others.[5] Sometimes, mania can cause someone to have psychosis, meaning they may have delusions and cannot tell what is real or not.[6]

Sometimes, someone may have a manic episode due to drugs or medication. They will not be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder because mania in bipolar I disorder is natural.[3]

Many people with bipolar I disorder also have major depressive episodes. During a depressive episode, someone may lose motivation for things that they used to like doing. They may feel hopeless or empty. However, in order to get diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, someone just has to have a manic episode. People do not need a depressive episode to be diagnosed.[7] Depressive episodes last for around two weeks.[4]

Bipolar I disorder is one of three different bipolar disorders. The others are bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia. People with bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia have hypomania, which is a less severe type of mania. Only people with bipolar I disorder have full mania.[6][3]

Many people with bipolar I disorder have comorbidities. This means they have other mental disorders. Up to 40% of people with bipolar I disorder also have post-traumatic stress disorder.[8] Anxiety disorders and substance (drug or alcohol) use disorders are also common.[9]

DSM-5 and ICD-10

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The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) and ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases Version 10) are two books that doctors use to diagnosed conditions. These books have different subtypes for bipolar I disorder. This is because the way bipolar I disorder affects people can be different. Some people may have hypomania and mania. Others may have psychosis. [3]

Treatment

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Mood stabilizers, a type of medication that can help regulate someone's mood, is the main treatment for bipolar I disorder. Lithium is the main medication, but people who take lithium often need to be monitored.[10] Other medication includes anticonvulsants like valproate,[11] which are similar to mood stabilizers. Some people may take atypical antipsychotics like quetiapine,[12][13] which are used to treat many different mental disorders. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but are usually not used for people with bipolar I disorder. This is because 20–40% of people with bipolar I disorder have a manic episode because of antidepressants. Mood stabilizers like lithium usually do not do this, but the risk is still there.[14]

Some people may get help through therapy. This can include psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy, and peer support.[15] This may prevent people from doing risky things when they have mania.[16]

Prognosis

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The prognosis (how well the symptoms of a disorder change over time) for bipolar I disorder is usually bad. This is because a lot of people with bipolar I disorder struggle with drug or alcohol abuse, depression, and psychosis.[17] About 63% of mania related to bipolar I disorder leads to hospitalization.[5] If someone with bipolar I disorder does not get treatment, their depressive and manic episodes may be more common and severe.[4] Generally, people with bipolar disorder die about ten years earlier than the general population.[2] However, if someone gets good treatment, they can live a healthy life.[18]

Prevalence

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Men and women are equally diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Most people have their first manic episode in their early-20s.[19] About 0.53% of adults have bipolar disorder.[2]

References

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  1. ↑ "What are hypomania and mania?". www.mind.org.uk. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Bipolar disorder". www.who.int. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-559-6. OCLC 847226928.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Bipolar Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)". www.nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 De Zelicourt, M.; Dardennes, R.; Verdoux, H.; Gandhi, G.; Khoshnood, B.; Chomette, E.; Papatheodorou, M. L.; Edgell, E. T.; Even, C.; Fagnani, F. (2003). "Frequency of hospitalisations and inpatient care costs of manic episodes: In patients with bipolar I disorder in France". Pharmacoeconomics. 21 (15): 1081–1090. doi:10.2165/00019053-200321150-00002. PMID 14596627. S2CID 41439636.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Bipolar Disorder in Children, Teens, Adults: Symptoms & Types". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  7. ↑ "Online Bipolar Tests: How Much Can You Trust Them?". DepressionD. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  8. ↑ Cerimele, Joseph M.; Bauer, Amy M.; Fortney, John C.; Bauer, Mark S. (May 2017). "Patients With Co-Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Rapid Review of the Literature". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 78 (5): e506–e514. doi:10.4088/JCP.16r10897. ISSN 1555-2101. PMID 28570791.
  9. ↑ McElroy, Susan L. (2004). "Diagnosing and treating comorbid (complicated) bipolar disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 65 Suppl 15: 35–44. ISSN 0160-6689. PMID 15554795.
  10. ↑ Burgess, Sally SA; Geddes, John; Hawton, Keith KE; Taylor, Matthew J.; Townsend, Ellen; Jamison, K.; Goodwin, Guy (2001). "Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders | Cochrane". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001 (3): CD003013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003013. PMC 7005360.
  11. ↑ MacRitchie, Karine; Geddes, John; Scott, Jan; Haslam, D. R.; Silva De Lima, Mauricio; Goodwin, Guy (2003). "Valproate for acutre mood episodes in bipolar disorder | Cochrane". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004052. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004052. PMID 12535506.
  12. ↑ Datto, Catherine (11 March 2016). "Bipolar II compared with bipolar I disorder: baseline characteristics and treatment response to quetiapine in a pooled analysis of five placebo-controlled clinical trials of acute bipolar depression". Annals of General Psychiatry. 15: 9. doi:10.1186/s12991-016-0096-0. PMC 4788818. PMID 26973704.
  13. ↑ Young, Allan (February 2014). "A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled 52-Week Trial of Continued Quetiapine Treatment in Recently Depressed Patients With Bipolar I And Bipolar II Disorder". World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 15 (2): 96–112. doi:10.3109/15622975.2012.665177. PMID 22404704. S2CID 2224996.
  14. ↑ Goldberg, Joseph F; Truman, Christine J (2003-12-01). "Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies". Bipolar Disorders. 5 (6): 407–420. doi:10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00067.x. ISSN 1399-5618. PMID 14636364.
  15. ↑ Yatham, Lakshmi N.; Kennedy, Sidney H.; Parikh, Sagar V.; Schaffer, Ayal; Bond, David J.; Frey, Benicio N.; Sharma, Verinder; Goldstein, Benjamin I.; Rej, Soham; Beaulieu, Serge; Alda, Martin (2018). "Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder". Bipolar Disorders. 20 (2): 97–170. doi:10.1111/bdi.12609. ISSN 1399-5618. PMC 5947163. PMID 29536616.
  16. ↑ Merikangas, Kathleen R.; Akiskal, Hagop S.; Angst, Jules; Greenberg, Paul E.; Hirschfeld, Robert M.A.; Petukhova, Maria; Kessler, Ronald C. (1 May 2007). "Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Archives of General Psychiatry. 64 (5): 543–552. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543. ISSN 0003-990X. PMC 1931566. PMID 17485606.
  17. ↑ Jain, A.; Mitra, P. (2023). "Bipolar Disorder". StatPearls. PMID 32644424.
  18. ↑ "What is Bipolar Disorder?". www.samhsa.gov. 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  19. ↑ "Mental Health Disorder Statistics". Retrieved 2025-01-10.
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