Diazepam

Diazepam
Clinical data
Pronunciation	/daɪˈæzɪpæm/ dy-AZ-ip-am
Trade names	Valium, Vazepam, Valtoco, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682047
License data	US DailyMed: Diazepam;
Pregnancy; category	AU: C; ;
Dependence; liability	High
Addiction; liability	Moderate
Routes of; administration	oral, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal, nasal, buccal film
Drug class	Benzodiazepine
ATC code	N05BA01 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) ; BR: Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs) ; CA: Schedule IV ; DE: Prescription only (Anlage III for higher doses) ; NZ: Class C ; UK: POM (Prescription only) ; US: Schedule IV ; UN: Psychotropic Schedule IV ; In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	76% (64–97%) oral, 81% (62–98%) rectal
Metabolism	Liver – CYP2B6 (minor route) to desmethyldiazepam, CYP2C19 (major route) to inactive metabolites, CYP3A4 (major route) to temazepam
Metabolites	Nordiazepam; Temazepam;
Elimination half-life	(50 h); 20–100 h (32–200 h for main active metabolite desmethyldiazepam)
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
CAS Number	439-14-5 ;
PubChem CID	3016;
IUPHAR/BPS	3364;
DrugBank	DB00829 ;
ChemSpider	2908 ;
UNII	Q3JTX2Q7TU;
KEGG	D00293 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:49575 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL12 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.006.476
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Diazepam (brand names: Valium, Dialar, Diazemuls, Diazepam Desitin, Diazepam RecTubes, Stesolid and Tensium) is a benzodiazepine which has a relatively long half-life. It is mostly used to treat anxiety^[1], certain forms of epilepsy^[1], muscle spasms (seizures^[1]), fits^[1], and sleeping problems. It can also be taken to help people relax before an operation or other medical or dental treatments. This is known as a pre-med.^[1]

It works by increasing the levels of a calming chemical in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if it is used for long periods of time. For this reason the drug is used to treat acute cases (2-4 weeks maximum) to avoid dependence.^[1]

According to the World Health Organization diazepam is an essential drug. It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times.

It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect. Diazepam has caused huge problems in Scotland in the past^[14].

Related pages[change | change source]

References[change | change source]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 "Diazepam: medicine for anxiety, muscle spasms and seizures". nhs.uk. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
↑ Edmunds M, Mayhew M (2013). Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider (4th ed.). Mosby. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-323-08790-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
↑ Clinical Addiction Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. 2010. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-139-49169-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
↑ Ries RK (2009). Principles of addiction medicine (4 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7817-7477-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "Valium". NPS MedicineWise. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
↑ "Valtoco – diazepam spray". DailyMed. 13 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
↑ "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheet- Diazepam". Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 "Diazepam Tablets BP 10 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 16 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 "Diazepam Injection BP Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". emc. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 "Valium – diazepam tablet". DailyMed. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
↑ "Libervant- diazepam film". DailyMed. 27 April 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
↑ Dhillon S, Oxley J, Richens A (March 1982). "Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 13 (3): 427–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01397.x. PMC 1402110. PMID 7059446.
↑ Goodkin HP (2010). "Diazepam". In Panayiotopoulos CP (ed.). Atlas of Epilepsies. London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-84882-128-6_263. ISBN 978-1-84882-128-6.
↑ "Street valium blamed for 'unprecedented' spike in drugs deaths". BBC News. 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2024-06-01.

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[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 "Diazepam: medicine for anxiety, muscle spasms and seizures". nhs.uk. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2024-05-31.

[Edmunds-2013-2] Edmunds M, Mayhew M (2013). Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider (4th ed.). Mosby. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-323-08790-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2020.

[Cambridge_University_Press-2010-3] Clinical Addiction Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. 2010. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-139-49169-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.

[Ries-2009-4] Ries RK (2009). Principles of addiction medicine (4 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7817-7477-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.

[Valium_PI-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "Valium". NPS MedicineWise. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2023.

[valtoco-6] "Valtoco – diazepam spray". DailyMed. 13 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[auto-7] "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheet- Diazepam". Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.

[Diazepam_SmPC-8] 8.0 ^8.1 "Diazepam Tablets BP 10 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 16 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.

[Diazepam_Injection_SmPC-9] 9.0 ^9.1 "Diazepam Injection BP Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". emc. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.

[Valium_FDA_label-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "Valium – diazepam tablet". DailyMed. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[11] "Libervant- diazepam film". DailyMed. 27 April 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

[pmid7059446-12] Dhillon S, Oxley J, Richens A (March 1982). "Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 13 (3): 427–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01397.x. PMC 1402110. PMID 7059446.

[13] Goodkin HP (2010). "Diazepam". In Panayiotopoulos CP (ed.). Atlas of Epilepsies. London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-84882-128-6_263. ISBN 978-1-84882-128-6.

[14] "Street valium blamed for 'unprecedented' spike in drugs deaths". BBC News. 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2024-06-01.

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