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Great Chinese Famine

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Great Chinese Famine was a terrible famine in China from 1958 to 1961. It killed between 15 million and 55 million people.[note 1] It is the deadliest famine in known history.

The famine was mostly man-made.[10][6] It resulted from Mao Zedong's policies, like the Great Leap Forward and the Four Pests campaign.[6][1] A badly managed economy, social pressure, bad weather, and drought also played a role.[1][11]

Causes

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The public dining hall of a people's commune. The slogan on the wall says Eat Free, Work Hard.

Also see: The Great Leap Forward and Collectivization

The Great Chinese Famine has been called "the worst man-made catastrophe ever."[12]

Mao's policies

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Mao Zedong was China's first president and the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. During the Great Leap Forward, he made many drastic changes to China's economy. Many of his policies caused or worsened the famine.[1][3]

For example, Mao collectivized farms in China. He cancelled farmers' private property rights, took over their land, and formed large government farms called people's communes. It was illegal for a person to own a farm; everybody had to work on the communes.[13] They often had to use poor agricultural techniques, which made crop harvests smaller.[3]

Mao also ordered millions of farmers to become iron and steel workers. As a result, there were not enough farm workers left.[6] Meanwhile, the Chinese government's Four Pests campaign killed so many sparrows that they disrupted the ecosystem.[6] Without sparrows, crop-eating insects had no predators, and their populations grew quickly.[14]

Mao Zedong's policies caused the Great Chinese Famine

Mao's response to famine

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Food was not distributed fairly in China's new planned economy. Even during the famine, Mao insisted that China still had to export grain to other countries. He continued to send grain to other countries as Chinese people starved.[3]

Government leaders knew about the famine as early as 1958, as proved by scholars like Yang Jisheng. In 1959, Mao told colleagues:[15]

To distribute resources evenly will only ruin the Great Leap Forward. When there is not enough to eat, people starve to death. It is better to let half the people die so that others can eat their fill.

Official statements

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In early 1962, Chinese president Liu Shaoqi said the famine was “three parts natural disaster and seven parts man-made disaster" (三分天灾, 七分人祸).[8] Later that year, he told Mao: “History will record the role you and I played in the starvation of so many people, and the cannibalism will also be memorialized!”[8]

In June 1981, the Chinese Communist Party admitted that the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward were the famine's main cause. They also said that natural disasters and the Sino-Soviet split played a role.

Estimated deaths

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Scholars disagree about how many people died in the Great Chinese Famine. Official Chinese government statistics say the famine killed 15 million people.

After studying Chinese archival materials, historian Frank Dikotter estimated that at least 45 million people died prematurely from 1958 to 1962 (although not all of these deaths resulted from starvation).[16][17]

Chinese journalist Yang Jisheng concluded that China lost 76 million people in the famine: 36 million people who starved to death, and another 40 million births which were lost or postponed.[18]

Some provinces were affected more severely than others. In Anhui province, the famine killed almost one in every five people (18%). In Chongqing, 15% of the population starved to death. Around 13% of people in Sichuan province and 11% of those in Guizhou died during the famine.[19]

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Notes

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  1. ↑ According to various sources.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). "China's great famine: 40 years later". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 319 (7225): 1619–1621. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127087. PMID 10600969. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Gráda, Cormac Ó (2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature. 45 (1): 5–38. doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.5. hdl:10197/492. ISSN 0022-0515. JSTOR 27646746. S2CID 54763671.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (10 October 2013). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  5. ↑ Dikötter, Frank. "Mao's Great Famine: Ways of Living, Ways of Dying" (PDF). Dartmouth University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Mirsky, Jonathan (7 December 2012). "Unnatural Disaster". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Branigan, Tania (1 January 2013). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "China's Great Famine: A mission to expose the truth". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Huang, Zheping (10 March 2016). "Charted: China's Great Famine, according to Yang Jisheng, a journalist who lived through it". Quartz. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  10. ↑ Rhodes, R. (1988-08-05). "Man-made death: a neglected mortality". JAMA. 260 (5): 686–687. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 3392796.
  11. ↑ "Different Life of Scientist Yuan Longping" (in Chinese). Guangming Daily. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  12. ↑ MacFarquhar, Roderick (2011-02-10). "The Worst Man-Made Catastrophe, Ever". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 58, no. 2. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  13. ↑ Jisheng, Yang "Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962". Book Review. New York Times. Dec, 2012. March 3, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html
  14. ↑ Steinfeld, Jemimah (September 2018). "China's deadly science lesson: How an ill-conceived campaign against sparrows contributed to one of the worst famines in history". Index on Censorship. 47 (3): 49. doi:10.1177/0306422018800259. ISSN 0306-4220.
  15. ↑ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  16. ↑ Akbar, Arifa (17 September 2010). "Mao's Great Leap Forward 'killed 45 million in four years'". The Independent. London. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  17. ↑ Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 333. ISBN 0-8027-7768-6
  18. ↑ Yang, Jisheng; Friedman, Edward; Guo, Jian; Mosher, Stacy (2012). Tombstone: the great Chinese famine, 1958-1962 (1st American ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-27793-2.
  19. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Cao 2005 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
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