Jump to content

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sardar
Nawab
Sultan‐ul-Qaum

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on horseback in-front of his haveli with a fly-whisk attendant, circa late 18th century
Jathedar of the Akal Takht
In office
9 October 1753 – 23 October 1783
LeaderSikh
Preceded byKapur Singh
Succeeded byPhula Singh
4th Jathedar of Buddha Dal
In office
9 October 1753 – 23 October 1783
Preceded byKapur Singh
Succeeded byNaina Singh
Personal details
Born
Jassa Singh

3 May 1718
Ahlu, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
(present-day Lahore district, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died23 October 1783 (aged 65)
Bandala, Sikh Confederacy
(present-day Amritsar district, Punjab, India)
Resting placeCremated at the Dera Baba Attal, Amritsar
Spouse(s)Mai Sahibji
Sadarani Raj Kaur Sahiba
RelationsBagh Singh (grand-nephew)
Children3
MotherMata Jeevan Kaur a sister of Sardar Bagh Singh Hallovalla[source?]
FatherSardar Badar Singh
Military service
Battles/wars
Commander Dal Khalsa

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (3 May 1718 – 23 October 1783) was a Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy, being the supreme leader of the Dal Khalsa. He was also Misldar of the Ahluwalia Misl . This period was an interlude, lasting roughly from the time of the death of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 to the founding of the Sikh Empire in 1801. He founded the Kapurthala State in 1772.

Early life

[change | change source]

Jassa Singh was born on 3 May 1718 CE in a jatt Sikh family in the Ahlu village near Lahore, Punjab.[6] Originally known as Jassa Singh[7] he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village.[8]

Jassa Singh is described sometimes as a member of the Kalal or wine distiller caste,due to intermarriage connection s[9][10][11][12][13][14] During the period of Kharak Singh of Kapurthala (r. 1870-1877) a Bhatti Rajput origin story was also created.[15] According to this tradition, one of the Bhatti Rajputs Rana Har Rai had to leave the throne of Jaisalmer for refusing to marry his niece to the Mughal emperor Akbar. However, there is virtually no evidence of this account. According to this account, Har Rai migrated to Punjab, where his descendants married with the Jats, and gradually they became Jats.[16] Starting with Sadhu Singh (also called Sadho or Sadda Singh), they married with Kalals, and the family came to be known as Ahluwalia . British administrator Lepel Griffin, who wrote an account of the rulers of Punjab, dismissed this tradition as fictitious.[17]

According to the dynasty's account, Sadhu's Singh's great-grandson Badar Singh and his wife remained childless for a long time, and sought blessings from Guru Gobind Singh. As a result, Jassa Singh was born to them.[18]

Military Campaign

[change | change source]

Jassa Singh took control of his uncle’s group at age 13 after his uncle’s death. He became famous shortly after for raiding a merchant caravan and stealing valuable horses[19]

Head of the Dal Khalsa

[change | change source]

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia played a key role after Nadir Shah’s invasion in 1739. He helped recover treasure stolen by Nadir Shah. Jassa Singh later built Dallewal Fort on the Ravi River. In 1743, he seized a large government treasure and killed Jaspat Rai. In 1747, he became the leader of the Sikhs with Nawab Kapur Singh’s help. In 1748, Jassa Singh became the head of the Dal Khalsa, the Sikh military. When Nawab Kapur Singh fell ill in 1753, he handed over the complete command of Dal Khalsa to Jaisal Singh Ahluwalia before his death.[20][21]

In 1755, Jassa Singh defeated Adina Beg at Kaddur, forcing him to give up Fatehbad, which became his headquarters until 1780.[22]

Explosion of Afghan, 1757

[change | change source]

In 1757, Abdali appointed his son, Timur Shah Durrani, as the governor of Punjab and Jahan Khan as his deputy, a quarrel arose between Jahan Khan and Adina Beg Khan, forcing Adina Beg Khan to hide in the hills due to Jahan Khan’s harsh rule. Additionally, Jahan Khan targeted Sodhi Wadbhag Singh of Kartarpur. In response, Adina Beg Khan allied with Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, and together with the Sikhs, they defeated the Afghans in the Battle of Mahilpur[23]In 1758 Adina with help of Sikhs and Marathas drove out the Durranis, Timur Shah and Jahan Khan, escaped to Afghanistan.[24]

In 1761, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeated Khwajah Mirza Khan, the former governor of Lahore. In July 1761, he defeated and expelled Afghan commanders from the Jalandhar Doab. The Sikhs then attacked Sirhind and looted the city. However, they faced strong resistance from Bhikhan Khan of Malerkotla. Unable to maintain their siege, they turned to Malerkotla, where fierce opposition from its Nawab led to significant destruction and plundering of the surrounding area.[25][26]

Jassa Singh Issued the First Sikh Coin in Lahore, November 1761

[change | change source]

In November 1761, following the Diwali celebrations in Amritsar, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia led the Dal Khalsa in an attack on Lahore. The Sikhs besieged the fort, defeated Khwajah Abed, and killed him. After his death, the Sikhs proclaimed Jassa Singh as their "Padshah." and issued coins bearing his name[27][28]

The Wadda Ghallughara

[change | change source]

In early 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India to crush Sikhs power[29][30] Ahmad Shah Durrani with his Soldiers reached Malerkotla, west of Sirhind, then attacked a 20,000 Sikh army escorting 40,000 women and children, along with the elderly. In one of their worst defeats—known as Vadda Ghalughara—the Sikhs lost perhaps 5–10,000+ soldiers and had 20,000 civilians massacred. The Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious with the night ambush on the large convoy.[31][32][33]

The Resilience of the Sikhs

[change | change source]

In just three months Sikhs managed to recover from their heavy losses In May 1762, Sikhs defeated Zain Khan Sirhindi and forced him to pay Rs 50,000 tribute and destroyed Muslim tombs and converted mosques into stables for their horses in return for the destruction of their gurudwaras[34]

On October 1762, The Sikhs had gathered Amritsar to celebrate Diwali. Abdali attacked them, The Sikhs attacked the Afghans so vehemently and didn't care about their own lives at all. The battle was fought under the grey light of a total solar eclipse. The battle raged furiously from early morning till late night. They both decided to stop for the night and fight the next day. During the night Ahmad Shah Abdali and his forces had retreated to Lahore. Inconclusive[35][36]

At Anandpur, 1763

[change | change source]

When Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was celebrating the Hola Mahila festival with Dal Khalsa in March 1763, Sikhs complained that they were facing injustice from the local rulers. After hearing this, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia started a campaign against the local rulers and established a military post there to keep an eye on them. On his way back, he also captured Kot Isa Khan, further consolidating his power in the region.[37]

Conquest of Sarhind, 1764

[change | change source]

In January 1764, the Dal Khalsa, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, launched an attack on Sirhind. Zain Khan, the governor of Sirhind, was defeated and killed in the battle. After the victory, the Sikhs looted the town without mercy, and the region of Sirhind was divided among the various Sikh misls and the Phulkian states. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia took control of 24 villages in the Ludhiana district,[38]

Jassa Singh's Conquest of Naraingarh and Surrounding Areas

[change | change source]

After capturing Sirhind, Jassa Singh moved towards Naraingarh, where local leaders gave him a warm welcome. Bulaqi Mal, the Diwan of Raja Kirat Prakash of Nahan, gifted him a horse and Rs. 10,000. Other local leaders also gave tributes, such as Muhammad Baqar, the Mir of Garhi Kotaha, who presented him with an elephant and some rupees. Rae Hoshiar Singh from Rani ka Raepur gave him a horse and Rs. 1,000, and Gharib Das from Manimajra offered Rs. 25,000.[39]

Ganga Doab, 1764

[change | change source]

In February 1764, Sikhs led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, along with leaders such as Khushhal Singh, Baghel Singh, Karora Singh, Sham Singh, and Tara Singh Ghaiba, crossed the Yamuna River at Buriya and entered the Yamuna-Gangetic Doab region. They looted and plundered towns like Shamli, Kandhla, Ambli, Miranpur, Deoband, Muzaffarnagar, and others. They also attacked villages in Bijnor, an area known for its powerful Sayyid families. The Sikhs seized wealth, including gold, coins, and jewels, destroyed villages, and took captives for ransom. Najib-ud-Daulah, who was already worn out from his recent war with Suraj Mall Jat of Bharatpur, did not feel strong enough to confront the Sikhs directly. Instead, he paid them eleven lakh rupees to convince them to leave the area by the end of February. The Sikhs returned with a large amount of loot from the Ganga Doab and Rohilkhand regions. Jassa Singh used one-tenth of the loot to repair the Harmandir Sahib, which had previously been destroyed by Abdali.[40][41]

Hill States Forced to Pay Tribute

[change | change source]

In September 1758, after the death of Adina Beg, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, as the leader of the Dal Khalsa, collected tribute from Kangra and Mandi. In 1763, he also collected tribute from the states of Nalagarh and Bilaspur.[42]

In 1765, Raja Ranjit Dev of Jammu paid tribute to Ahmad Shah Durrani, which angered the Sikhs. In response, the Sikh Dal Khalsa, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, attacked Jammu. They imposed a fine of 3.75 lakh rupees on Ranjit Dev and made him subordinate to the Dal Khalsa. This victory boosted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's power and influence in the area[43]

Ahmad Shah Durrani's Final Invasion of the Punjab

[change | change source]

In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India for the eighth time. While crossing the Beas River, the Sikhs blocked his way. In January 1767, Ahmad Shah Durrani sent letters to the Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, and other sardars. In the letters, he offered them the choice to join his service if they wanted, but if they had plans to fight him, he challenged them to meet him in battle. The Sikhs, however, refused his offer. Frustrated by their rejection, Ahmad Shah Durrani returned to Afghanistan [44]

The Rivalry Between Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia

[change | change source]

In 1776, while on his way to a fair at Achal near Batala, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia encountered Mali Singh, a commander of the Ramgarhia Misl and brother of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, who was leading a detachment from Sri Hargobindpur to Batala. The two groups clashed, leading to a bloody battle.[45][46] Many of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's soldiers were killed, and he himself suffered two injuries. He fell from his horse and lost consciousness. Mali Singh helped by placing him in a palanquin and taking him to Sri Hargobindpur for treatment.[47]

Although Jassa Singh Ramgarhia managed the situation, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, known as the "Emperor of the Panth" or "Jathedar Sultan-Ul-Qaum," felt deeply insulted by the attack.[46] He stayed in Sri Hargobindpur for two days, refusing to eat, drink, or speak to anyone.[48] On the third day, leaders like Jai Singh Kanhaiya, Gujjar Singh Bhangi, and others visited him, urging him to take revenge on the Ramgarhias.[45]

On the third day, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia arranged for Jassa Singh Ahluwalia to leave for Fatehabad with full honors and an escort. Despite these diplomatic efforts, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia vowed to take revenge and expel the Ramgarhias from Punjab.[47]

In September 1778, the Ramgarhia Misl and the Kanhaiya Misl clashed over the revenue of certain areas, as their territories overlapped in the Upper Bari Doab and Upper Jullundur Doab districts.[49] In this conflict, Jai Singh Kanhaiya had the support of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Backed by an Ahluwalia force, Jai Singh and Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya attacked Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's headquarters in Sri Hargobindpur. Despite strong resistance from Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, he was eventually forced to retreat from the Trans-Sutlej area.[50]

At the same time, Batala, under the control of Jassa Singh's brother Mali Singh, was besieged by Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya.[48] Mali Singh was infamous for his cruel rule, which alienated the local population.[50] Frustrated with his tyranny, the locals sided with the attackers and allowed the Kanhaiyas to enter the city.[50] After Mali Singh retreated, the Kanhaiyas took over Batala, and Gurbaksh Singh was appointed the new administrator. Prominent figures like Raja Singh, Diwan Singh, Mansabdar Qanungo, and the Brahmin Tara Chand assisted Gurbaksh Singh in governance.[51]

Following these victories, the combined Kanhaiya and Ahluwalia forces advanced towards Kalanaur, which was controlled by Tara Singh Ramgarhia, another brother of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. Tara Singh was defeated and killed, and Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya took over Kalanaur. This led to the Kanhaiyas and Ahluwalias capturing the entire Ramgarhia territory in the Trans-Sutlej region.[52][53]

Afterwards, Kanwar Bhag Singh Ahluwalia was assigned to Mahtabkot, near the Satluj River. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia instructed him not to block the Ramgarhia retreat across the river or interfere with their escape.[50] Despite this defeat, the Ramgarhia Misaldar, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, did not give up. He gathered a large force of irregular cavalry on the other side of the river and, with the support of the Phulkian leader Amar Singh of Patiala, took up a position in the Hissar region.[50][51]

The Occupation of Kapurthala in December 1779

[change | change source]

Rae Ibrahim Bhatti was the ruler of Kapurthala. He had to pay ₹100,000 as tribute to Jassa Singh but stopped paying after 1770. This caused a debt of ₹400,000 to build up. Jassa Singh called him to Fatehabad, but even then, he did not pay the tribute, making the situation worse. In 1771, Jassa Singh captured one of Rae Ibrahim Bhatti's forts. In 1773, Jassa Singh attacked Rae Ibrahim, who surrendered all his villages except Kapurthala and 27 nearby villages. In 1777, Mohar Singh, Jassa Singh's son-in-law, was killed by forces from one of Rae Ibrahim's forts. Rae Ibrahim apologized to show he was not involved, but Jassa Singh demanded the guilty person. The culprit was never found. Jassa Singh decided to take control of Kapurthala. In 1780, he attacked Kapurthala. Rae Ibrahim tried to stop him by sending gifts, but it did not work. In the end, Rae Ibrahim surrendered and was allowed to leave safely with his family. Kapurthala then became part of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's territory.[54]

The Conquest of Delhi and the Clash of Egos

[change | change source]

In March 1783, the Dal Khalsa, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, advanced upon Delhi and was joined by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia on March 10. The following day, the Dal Khalsa entered the Red Fort and, in a symbolic gesture, placed Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on the imperial throne in the Diwan-e-Am, giving him the title "Badshah Singh." However, this act sparked a dispute between Ahluwalia and Ramgarhia, who challenged his claim to the title. The disagreement escalated, and both leaders drew their swords, but the confrontation was averted when Ahluwalia renounced the honor, stepping down to maintain unity.[55][56]

Death and legacy

[change | change source]
Photo of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's haveli, circa early 20th century

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia died on 23 October 1783 in Amritsar.

“ He (Jassa Singh Ahluwalia) had the great privilege of conquering Lahore and issuing his own coin ... [and] sitting on the throne of the Mughal Emperors in the Red Fort at Delhi [after conquering it]. He fought a number of times face to face with Ahmad Shah Durrani, the greatest Asian general of his days. The invader tried to win him over in vain. The Maharajas of Patiala and Jind stood before him in all reverence and humility. The Rajas of Nalagarh, Bilaspur, Kangra Hills and Jammu touched his knees. The Nawabs of Malerkotla and Kunjpura paid him homage. And yet he remained a humble and docile disciple of Guru Gobind Singh. In the person of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the Guru actually made a sparrow kill hawks. Jassa Singh was a great warrior, mighty general and eminent organiser. He bore thirty-two scars of sword cuts and bullet marks on the front part of his body and none on his back. He was a giant in body. ... Qazi Nur Muhammad who saw him fighting against Ahmad Shah Durrani called him a mountain.

He was a great warrior, mighty general and eminent organiser. He bore thirty-two scars of sword cuts and bullet marks on the front of his body and none on his back. He was a giant in body.


”

Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Government College (NJSA Government College) in Kapurthala State, established in 1856 by Raja Randhir Singh of Kapurthala is named after him.[57] A commemorative postage stamp on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was issued by Government of India on 4 April 1985.

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Singh, Sewa (1984). Baba Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (1718-1783). Punjab State Archives Department. p. 3.
  2. ↑ Ganda Singh 1990, p. 51.
  3. ↑ H. S. Singha 2005, p. 31.
  4. ↑ Jaspreet Kaur Sandhu (2000). Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective. Vision & Venture. p. 8. ISBN 9788186769126.
  5. ↑ Chhabra, G.S (1960). The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab: Guru and post-guru period upto Ranjit Singh. Sharanjit. p. 470.
  6. ↑ H. S. Singha 2005, p. 111.
  7. ↑ Ahluwalia, M. L. (1989). Life and Times of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.
  8. ↑ Donald Anthony Low (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. pp. 70–71. OCLC 612533097.
  9. ↑ Low, D.A. (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-520-00770-3. Retrieved 2022-08-14. With the rise to political power of Jassa Singh Kalal, the most famous Sikh chiefofthe eighteenth century, the importance of the Kalals had increased and there had been a tendency among them to abandon their degrading hereditary occupation…In addition to abandoning their hereditary occupation the Kalals tried to raise their status by changing their caste names and by claiming more respectable social origins. Jassa Singh Kalal had styled himself Ahllu- walia from the name of his ancestral village, a title which was still borne by his descendants, the royal family of the Native State of Kapurthala in British times; and one which the Sikh Kalals generally adopted as the name of their caste. By the early twentieth century some of the Ahlluwalias had gone further by claiming Khatri or Rajput origin.
  10. ↑ Gandhi, S.S. (1980). Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty. Gur Das Kapur. Retrieved 2024-12-04. The Ahluwalia Misl is also interesting for the same reason as it was led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, a member of Kalal caste, or distillers of palm wine . The Kalals rank among the artisans castes of the Sikhs
  11. ↑ Gupta, H.R. (2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-215-0540-6. Retrieved 2024-12-04. There lived a young man named Badar Singh of the Kalal caste known as distillers of wine...It was there that Badar Singh got a son in 1718, named Jassa Singh.
  12. ↑ M. L. Ahluwalia (1989). Life and Times of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjabi University. p. 3. ...the original homeland of Jassa Singh's ancestors was Mauza Mullu Sadhu-Ke in Majha. His qaum (caste) was Kalal alias Tulsi (sub-caste).
  13. ↑ Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod Singh, eds. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. ISBN 978-1442236004. ...the ruling family of Kapurthala (the descendants of Jassa Singh Ahluvalia) was also Kalal. So successful have they been that today their Kalal antecedents have been largely forgotten [...] Jassa Singh Ahluvalia, though not a Jat, was regarded as the principal misl chieftain
  14. ↑ Grewal, J.S. (2007). Sikh Ideology Polity, and Social Order: From Guru Nanak to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Manohar. p. 245. ISBN 978-81-7304-737-4. Retrieved 2024-12-05. Nevertheless, differences of caste was discounted by the Jatts themselves. Sukha Singh, a Tarkhan, was 'brought up' by Shiam Singh, a Sandhu Jatt. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, a Kalal, was similarly 'brought up' by Kapur Singh, a Virk Jatt.
  15. ↑ Sohan Singh Seetal (1981). The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States. Lahore Book Shop. Everybody had been dubbing the Kapoorthala dynasty as Kalaals, meaning wine vendors. But, during the time of Raja Kharak Singh, the penultimate chief of the state, an attempt was made to relate this dynasty to the Bhatti Rajput Rajput rulers of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.
  16. ↑ Ganda Singh 1990, p. 1With the passing of time, they got mingled with the Jats who constituted at that time the majority community of this area. They began to enter into matrimonial alliances with them. Thus, gradually they also became Jats.
  17. ↑ Ganda Singh 1990, p. 4.
  18. ↑ Ganda Singh 1990, p. 6.
  19. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 26. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  20. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (2004). History of the Sikhs. Oxford University Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780195673081.
  21. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  22. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 27. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  23. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 27. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  24. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manoharlal, Pvt Ltd. p. 145.
  25. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 27. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  26. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manoharlal, Pvt Ltd. p. 169.
  27. ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd. p. 174.
  28. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  29. ↑ Mehta, J. L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  30. ↑ Bhatia, Sardar Singh. "Vadda Ghallurghara". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  31. ↑ Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 553. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
  32. ↑ Awan, Muhammad Tariq (1994). History of India and Pakistan, Volume 2 (2 ed.). Ferozsons, 1994. pp. 502–505. ISBN 9789690100351.
  33. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 30. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  34. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manoharlal, Pvt Ltd. p. 188.
  35. ↑ Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. pp. 286–287.
  36. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manoharlal, Pvt Ltd. p. 189.
  37. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 31. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  38. ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd. p. 200.
  39. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  40. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2009). Sikhs Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9.
  41. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  42. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  43. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  44. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Gupta 1999, p. 281.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Singh 1990, p. 199.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Siṅgha 1993, p. 66.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Gupta 1939, p. 38.
  49. ↑ Gandhi 1999, p. 472.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Gupta 1999, p. 282.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Gandhi 1999, p. 474.
  52. ↑ Chhabra 1960, p. 487.
  53. ↑ Narang 1969, p. 251.
  54. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  55. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 40. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
  56. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (October 2009). Sikhs Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9.
  57. ↑ "College of excellence, 150 years ago". The Tribune. 1 October 2006.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&oldid=10026299"