Chitrali language
(Redirected from Khowar)
| Chitrali | |
|---|---|
| چترالی زبان | |
 | |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Chitral District |
| Ethnicity | Chitralis |
Native speakers | 580,000 (2004)[1] |
| Nastaliq alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| ELP | Khowar |
Chitrali language (Urdu:چترالی زبان) is a Dardic language. It is spoken by 332,200 people. These people live in the Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Loanwords
[change | change source]Chitrali language has many loanwords are present from various languages include Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. It also has words from Sanskrit and Ancient Greek.
Alphabet
[change | change source]The Chitrali alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet.
| Letter | Name of letter | Transcription | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | alif | ā/aa, a, i, u | /ɑː/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
| ب | be | b | /b/ |
| پ | pe | p | /p/ |
| ت | te | t | /t̪/ |
| ٹ | ṭe | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
| ث | se | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | jīm | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | če | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | baṛī he | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | xe | x | /x/ |
| د | dāl | d | /d̪/ |
| ڈ | ḍāl | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
| ذ | zāl | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | re | r | /r/ |
| ڑ | ṛe | ṛ | /r~ɫ/ |
| ز | ze | z | /z/ |
| ژ | že | ž/zh | /ʒ/ |
| س | sīn | s | /s/ |
| ش | šīn | š/sh | /ʃ/ |
| ص | su'ād | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | zu'ād | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | to'e | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | zo'e | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | ‘ain | ', a, i, u | /ʔ/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
| غ | ǧain | ǧ/gh | /ɣ/ |
| ف | fe | f | /f/ |
| ق | qāf | q | /q/ |
| ک | kāf | k | /k/ |
| گ | gāf | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | lām | l | /l/ |
| ڵ | łām | ł | /lʲ/ |
| م | mīm | m | /m/ |
| ن | nūn | n | /n/ |
| ں | nūn ǧunnā | _̃ | /◌̃/ |
| و | wā'o | w, o, au, or ū | /ʋ/, /oː/, /ɔ/ or /uː/ |
| ہ | čoṭī he | h | /h/ |
| ھ | do čašmī he | _h | /ʰ/ |
| ء | hamza | ' | /ʔ/ |
| ى | choti ye | y, ī | /j/ or /iː/ |
| ے | barī ye | ai or e | /ɛː/, or /eː/ |
Related pages
[change | change source]More reading
[change | change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khowar.
- Elena Bashir, (2001) Spatial Representation in Khowar. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
- Kendall D. Decker, (1992) Languages of Chitral ISBN 969-8023-15-1
- Erik L’Homme, (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l’ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L’Harmattan
- Georg Morgenstierne, (1936) Iranian Elements in Khowar. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
- Badshah munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher.Pakistan
- Georg Morgenstierne, (1947) Some Features of Khowar Morphology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
- Georg Morgenstierne, (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84-98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267-72]
- Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
