Kural

Tirukkuṟaḷ

The Kural in Tamil, its original language
Author	Valluvar
Original title	திருக்குறள்
Working title	Kural
Country	India
Language	Old Tamil
Series	Eighteen Lesser Texts
Subject	Ethics Society Politics Economics and statecraft Love and pleasure
Genre	Poetry
Set in	Probably after the Sangam era (c. 500 CE or earlier)
Publication date	1812 (first known printed edition, older palm-leaf manuscripts exist)
Published in English	1794
Original text	திருக்குறள் at Tamil Wikisource
Translation	Tirukkuṟaḷ at Wikisource

The Tirukkuṟaḷ or shortly the Kural is a classic Tamil language text. It has 1,330 short couplets (two-line poem parts), or kurals, of seven words each.

The text is divided into three books with aphorisms (sayings) on virtue, wealth and love. It is thought as one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality. It is also known for its all-inclusiveness and secular nature.

History

People say Thiruvalluvar wrote the work. The text has been dated between 300 BCE and the 5th century CE.

The Kural text is among the earliest systems of Indian epistemology (way of thinking of knowledge) and metaphysics (way of thinking of reality and being). The Kural is traditionally praised with epithets such as "the Tamil Veda" and "the Divine Book".

Contents

Written on the ideas of ahimsa (non-violence), it draws attention to non-violence and moral vegetarianism as good things for a person to do. It highlights truthfulness, controlling your emotions and reactions, thankfulness, hospitality, kindness, goodness of one's wife, duty, giving, and so forth. It covers many social and political topics such as kings, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, greatness of armies and soldier's honor, death sentence for the wicked, agriculture, education, not drinking alcohol and things that make people drunk or high. It has chapters on friendship, love, sexual unions, and home life. The text permanently redefined the cultural values of the Tamil land.

Reputation

The Kural has been liked and respected by experts from ethical, social, political, economic, religious, philosophical, and spiritual fields. These include Ilango Adigal, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Ramalinga Swamigal, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Karl Graul, George Uglow Pope, Alexander Piatigorsky, and Yu Hsi. The work remains the most translated, the most referred-to, and the most cited of Tamil literary works.

The text has been translated into at least 40 languages. This made it one of the most translated ancient works. Ever since it was printed for the first time in 1812, the Kural text has never been out of print. Its author is praised for selecting the best virtues found in the known books and showing them in an manner that most people understand. The Tamil people and the government of Tamil Nadu have long revered and celebrated the text.

References

Classical primary sources

• Alathur Kilar. Kḻuvāi Illai!, புறநானூறு [Puranānuru] (Verse 34), See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
• Avvaiyar.  ta:திருவள்ளுவமாலை. Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar (commentator). Wikisource. 
• Ilango Adigal, சிலப்பதிகாரம் [Silappathigāram], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
• Kambar, கம்பராமாயணம் [Kambarāmāyanam], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
• Manakkudavar (1917). திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவருரை—அறத்துப்பால் [Tiruvalluvar Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary—Book of Aram]. V. O. C. Pillai (Ed.) (1 ed.). Chennai: V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. 152 pp.
• Manakkudavar (2003). திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை [Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary]. C. Meiyyappan (Ed.). Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam. 370 pp.
• Parimelalhagar (2009). திருக்குறள் மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும் [Tirukkural Original Text and Parimelalhagar Commentary]. Compiled by V. M. Gopalakrishnamachariyar. Chennai: Uma Padhippagam. 1456 pp.
• Seethalai Sāthanār, மணிமேகலை [Manimekalai], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
• Sekkiḻar, பெரிய‌ புராண‌ம் [Periya Puranam], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
• Valluvar.  ta:திருக்குறள். Wikisource.  See original text in Project Madurai.

Modern secondary sources

Books

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Journals and magazines

• A. K. Ananthanathan (1994). "Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural". East and West. 44 (2/4): 315–326. JSTOR 29757156.
• Karthik Bhatt (March 16–31, 2020). "Arupathu Moovar – 110 years ago". Madras Musings. XXIX (23).
• Blackburn, Stuart (2000). "Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History". Modern Asian Studies. 34 (2): 449–482. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003632. S2CID 144101632. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
• "Veganism, a superior way of life". Business Economics. Kolkata. 1 April 2017.
• Chendroyaperumal, Chendrayan (2011). "Indian Management Ideas – Part-1: General Management". SSRN 1814582.
• Pradeep Chakravarthy and Ramesh Ramachandran (16–31 August 2009). "Thiruvalluvar's shrine". Madras Musings. XIX (9). Retrieved 13 May 2017.
• Cutler, Norman (1992). "Interpreting Thirukkural: the role of commentary in the creation of a text". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 112 (4): 549–566. doi:10.2307/604470. JSTOR 604470.
• Dharani, D. (2018). "Medicine in Thirukkural, The Universal Veda of Tamil Literature". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 79 (2018–19): 101–108. JSTOR 26906235.
• Christopher G. Framarin (2006). "The Desire You Are Required to Get Rid of: A Functionalist Analysis of Desire in the Bhagavadgītā". Philosophy East and West. 56 (4). University of Hawai'i Press: 604–617. doi:10.1353/pew.2006.0051. JSTOR 4488055. S2CID 170907654.
• Geetha, V.; Rajadurai, S. V. (1993). "Dalits and Non-Brahmin Consciousness in Colonial Tamil Nadu". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (39): 2091–2098. JSTOR 4400205.
• K. V. Nagarajan (2005). "Thiruvalluvar's Vision: Polity and Economy in Thirukkural". History of Political Economy. 37 (1). Duke University Press: 123–132. doi:10.1215/00182702-37-1-123.
• Nikam, N. A. (1952). "A Note on the Individual and His Status in Indian Thought". Philosophy East and West. 2 (3). University of Hawai'i Press: 254–258. doi:10.2307/1397274. JSTOR 1397274.
• Karin Preisendanz (2005). "The Production of Philosophical Literature in South Asia during the Pre-Colonial Period (15th to 18th Centuries): The Case of the Nyāyasūtra Commentarial Tradition". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 33.
• Sharma, Sriram (29 August 2018). "வரலாற்றுப் பிழை [A blunder in history]". Tughluq [Tamil]: 41–42.
• Subramaniam, V. (1963). "A Tamil classic on statecraft". Australian Outlook. 17 (2). Taylor & Francis: 162–174. doi:10.1080/10357716308444141. ISSN 0004-9913.
• Srinivasachari, C. S. (1949). "The Political Ideology of the Kural". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 10 (4): 15–23. JSTOR 42743392.
• "Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar". 1935: 117. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Newspapers

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Online

• Anbarasan, Komal (16 January 2019). "30 ஆண்டு தவத்தில் கிடைத்த வள்ளுவர்! [Valluvar obtained after a 30-year penance]". Minnambalam. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
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• Tolstoy, Leo (14 December 1908). "A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India—Its Cause and Cure". The Literature Network. Retrieved 12 February 2012. THE HINDU KURAL
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• Meenakshi Sundaram, T. P. (1957). "Vegetarianism in Tamil Literature". 15th World Vegetarian Congress 1957. International Vegetarian Union (IVU). Retrieved 17 April 2022. Ahimsa is the ruling principle of Indian life from the very earliest times. ... This positive spiritual attitude is easily explained to the common man in a negative way as "ahimsa" and hence this way of denoting it. Tiruvalluvar speaks of this as "kollaamai" or "non-killing."