Leishmaniasis
| Leishmaniasis | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
 Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the hand of a Central American adult | |
| ICD-10 | B55. |
| ICD-9 | 085 |
| DiseasesDB | 3266 |
| MedlinePlus | 001386 |
| eMedicine | emerg/296 |
| MeSH | D007896 |
Leishmaniasis or leishmaniosis[1] is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is spread by the bite of certain types of sandflies.[2]
The disease has three forms:[2][3]
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis: skin ulcers
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: ulcers of the skin, mouth and nose
- Visceral leishmaniasis: starts with skin ulcers, then fever, low red blood cells, and a large spleen and liver
Leishmaniasis in humans is caused by more than 20 species of Leishmania.[2] Risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, deforestation and urbanization.[2] All three types can be diagnosed by identifying the parasites under a microscope.[2] The visceral form can be diagnosed with a blood test.[3]
Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by sleeping under nets treated with insecticide.[2] Another way is using insecticides to kill sandflies. Early treatment of people with the disease also helps prevent further spread.[2] The treatment needed is determined by where the disease is acquired, the species of Leishmania and the type of infection.[2] Medications used for the visceral form include: liposomal amphotericin B,[4] a combination of pentavalent antimonials and paromomycin,[4] and miltefosine.[5] For the cutaneous form, paromomycin, fluconazole or pentamidine can help.[6]
As of 2014, about 12 million people are infected[7] in some 98 countries.[3] There are about 2 million new cases each year.[3] Each year, between 20 thousand and 50 thousand people die from the disease.[2][8] About 200 million people in Asia, Africa, South and Central America and southern Europe live in areas where the disease is common.[3][9] The World Health Organization has gotten discounts on some medications to treat the disease.[3]
The parasites that cause the disease also infect other mammals: The disease has been described in dogs, cats, rodents, cattle and horses. In addition to the mammal, the parasite needs an insect that spreads the parasite through its sting.
Lifecycle of the parasite
[change | change source]
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female sandflies.[2] These can transmit the infection Leishmania.[2] The sandflies inject the infective stage, metacyclic promastigotes, during blood meals (1). Metacyclic promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages (2) and transform into amastigotes (3). Amastigotes multiply in infected cells and affect different tissues, depending in part on which Leishmania species is involved (4). The differences in the type of tissue affected are responsible for the different visible types of leishmaniasis. Sandflies become infected during blood meals on infected hosts when they ingest macrophages infected with amastigotes (5,6). In the sandfly's midgut, the parasites differentiate into promastigotes (7), which multiply, differentiate into metacyclic promastigotes, and migrate to the proboscis (8).
The genomes of three Leishmania species have been sequenced and this has provided much information about the biology of the parasite. Leishmania has unique features with respect to the regulation of gene expression in response to changes in the environment. The new knowledge from these studies may help identify new targets for drugs and aid the development of vaccines.[10]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "Leishmaniasis". Collins Online Dictionary. Collins. 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 "Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375". World Health Organization. January 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Barrett, MP; Croft, SL (2012). "Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis". British Medical Bulletin. 104 (1): 175–96. doi:10.1093/bmb/lds031. PMC 3530408. PMID 23137768.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sundar, S; Chakravarty, J (Jan 2013). "Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 14 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.755515. PMID 23256501. S2CID 207479873.
- ↑ Dorlo, T. P. C.; Balasegaram, M.; Beijnen, J. H.; De Vries, P. J. (Nov 2012). "Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 67 (11): 2576–97. doi:10.1093/jac/dks275. PMID 22833634.
- ↑ Minodier, P; Parola, P (May 2007). "Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 5 (3): 150–8. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004. PMID 17448941.
- ↑ "Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem". World Health Organization. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ Lozano, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10292/13775. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.
- ↑ Ejazi, SA; Ali, N (Jan 2013). "Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 11 (1): 79–98. doi:10.1586/eri.12.148. PMID 23428104. S2CID 20508342.
- ↑ Leishmania : after the genome. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic. 2008. ISBN 978-1-904455-28-8. OCLC 171110678.