Scientific racism

Scientific racism is the use of science to support racism.

History

In the 19th century, scientists divided humankind into different groups called "races". The ideas of Social Darwinism and eugenics became popular, saying that some races were better than others and that only the best should survive.

Towards Black people

19th-century racial "scientists" called black people members of the "Black race" or "Negroid race". Many scientists even said that white people were better than black people. In this way, scientists supported slavery and Jim Crow laws.^[1]

Towards Jews

Some scientists said that Jews were a race. People like Houston Steward Chamberlain wrote that "Jews were a danger to other people". Adolf Hitler read some of these books and used their ideas during the Holocaust,^[2]^[3] in which at least 6,000,000 Jews were killed.^[2]^[3]

Today

Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research shows that humans do not belong to different races.^[4]^[5]^: 360 They also say that "belief in races" is a bad thing that has caused much damage.^[6]

References

↑ Brooks, Roy L., editor. “Redress for Racism?” When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice, NYU Press, 1999, pp. 395–398.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1
- Shapiro, P.A. (2007). "Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. OCLC 191071016. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
- Laqueur, Walter (July 30, 2009). "Towards the Holocaust". The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195341218. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- "Deportation of Hungarian Jews". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- Brosnan, Matt (12 June 2018). "What Was The Holocaust?". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- "36 Questions About the Holocaust". Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1
- Polonsky, Antony (1989). "Polish-Jewish relations and the Holocaust". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. 4: 226–242. doi:10.3828/polin.1989.4.226. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
- "Murder of the Jews of Poland". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
- "POLISH VICTIMS". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
- Waltman, Michael; Haas, John (2010). The Communication of Hate. Peter Lang. p. 52. ISBN 978-1433104473.
- Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (February 9, 2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 37 (2): 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
- "Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany). April 29, 2018.
↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
↑ Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and notions of human race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (eds) How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consenus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519. PMID 27874171.
↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. The belief in "races" as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past.

[1] Brooks, Roy L., editor. “Redress for Racism?” When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice, NYU Press, 1999, pp. 395–398.

[Holocaust_introductions-2] 2.0 ^2.1
Shapiro, P.A. (2007). "Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. OCLC 191071016. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

Laqueur, Walter (July 30, 2009). "Towards the Holocaust". The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195341218. Retrieved November 3, 2024.

"Deportation of Hungarian Jews". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.

Brosnan, Matt (12 June 2018). "What Was The Holocaust?". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

"36 Questions About the Holocaust". Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2024-10-14.

[3] Shapiro, P.A. (2007). "Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. OCLC 191071016. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

[4] Laqueur, Walter (July 30, 2009). "Towards the Holocaust". The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195341218. Retrieved November 3, 2024.

[5] "Deportation of Hungarian Jews". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.

[6] Brosnan, Matt (12 June 2018). "What Was The Holocaust?". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

[7] "36 Questions About the Holocaust". Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2024-10-14.

[Further_Holocaust_info-3] 3.0 ^3.1
Polonsky, Antony (1989). "Polish-Jewish relations and the Holocaust". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. 4: 226–242. doi:10.3828/polin.1989.4.226. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

"Murder of the Jews of Poland". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

"POLISH VICTIMS". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

Waltman, Michael; Haas, John (2010). The Communication of Hate. Peter Lang. p. 52. ISBN 978-1433104473.

Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (February 9, 2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 37 (2): 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. Retrieved January 20, 2025.

"Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany). April 29, 2018.

[9] Polonsky, Antony (1989). "Polish-Jewish relations and the Holocaust". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. 4: 226–242. doi:10.3828/polin.1989.4.226. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

[10] "Murder of the Jews of Poland". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

[11] "POLISH VICTIMS". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

[12] Waltman, Michael; Haas, John (2010). The Communication of Hate. Peter Lang. p. 52. ISBN 978-1433104473.

[13] Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (February 9, 2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 37 (2): 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. Retrieved January 20, 2025.

[14] "Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany). April 29, 2018.

[4] American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[Templeton2016-5] Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and notions of human race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (eds) How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consenus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519. PMID 27874171.

[6] American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. The belief in "races" as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past.

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