Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-valence-group

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Oxidation state data (edit)
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Automated used in {{Infobox element}} (talk):

Hg: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hg}} → −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)
Hs: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hs}} → (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8^[1]^[2]^[3] (parenthesized: prediction)

Comment options


v t e Oxidation states comment options (WP:ELEMENTS (talk))
`\|comment=` options (as of November 2018):
comment=acidic	(an acidic oxide)
comment=mildly acidic	(a mildly acidic oxide)
comment=strongly acidic	(a strongly acidic oxide)
comment=amphoteric	(an amphoteric oxide)
comment=basic	(a basic oxide)
comment=weakly basic	(a weakly basic oxide)
comment=mildly basic	(a mildly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic	(a strongly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic expected	(expected to have a strongly basic oxide) -- Ra
comment=oxidizes oxygen	(oxidizes oxygen) -- F
comment=depending	(depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) -- Cr, Mn
comment=rarely non-0, weakly acidic	(rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) -- Xe
comment=rarely non-0, unk oxide	(rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) -- Kr

comment=parenthesized	(parenthesized: prediction)
comment=predicted	(predicted)
comment=<any text>	<any text>, including blank

WP:ENGVAR (set `\|engvar=` in article page)
By default, element articles (and so infoboxes) are in `en-US`. In article space, one can call an infobox with `\|engvar=en-GB, en-OED`, which changes these spellings
`comment=parenthesized`
`\|engvar=`	(parenthesized: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-US (default)`	(parenthesized: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-GB`	(brackets: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-OED`	(brackets: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-FOO`	(parenthesized: prediction)

Data

v t e Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
Z	Name	Symbol	complete	main	group	val	note

1	hydrogen	H	−1, 0, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)	−1, +1	1	I
2	helium	He	0	0	18	0
3	lithium	Li	0^[4], +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I
4	beryllium	Be	0,^[5] +1,^[6] +2 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2	2	II
5	boron	B	−5, −1, 0,^[7] +1, +2, +3^[8]^[9] (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3	13	III
6	carbon	C	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,^[10] +2, +3,^[11] +4^[12] (a mildly acidic oxide)	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4	14	IV
7	nitrogen	N	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[13] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−3, +3, +5	15	V
8	oxygen	O	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2	−2	16	VI
9	fluorine	F	−1, 0^[14] (oxidizes oxygen)	−1	17	VII
10	neon	Ne	0	0	18	0
11	sodium	Na	−1, 0,^[15] +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I
12	magnesium	Mg	0,^[16] +1,^[17] +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II
13	aluminium	Al	−2, −1, 0,^[18] +1,^[19] +2,^[20] +3 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	13	III
14	silicon	Si	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,^[21] +1,^[22] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	14	IV
15	phosphorus	P	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[23] +1,^[24] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	−3, +3, +5	15	V
16	sulfur	S	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−2, +2, +4, +6	16	VI
17	chlorine	Cl	−1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−1, +1, +3, +5, +7	17	VII
18	argon	Ar	0	0	18	0
19	potassium	K	−1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I
20	calcium	Ca	+1,^[25] +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II
21	scandium	Sc	0,^[26] +1,^[27] +2,^[28] +3 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	3	III
22	titanium	Ti	−2, −1, 0,^[29] +1, +2, +3, +4^[30] (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +4	4	IV
23	vanadium	V	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +4, +5	5	V
24	chromium	Cr	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +6	6	VI
25	manganese	Mn	−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +4, +6, +7	7	VII
26	iron	Fe	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1,^[31] +2, +3, +4, +5,^[32] +6, +7^[33] (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3	8	VIII
27	cobalt	Co	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5^[34] (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3	9	VIII
28	nickel	Ni	−2, −1, 0, +1,^[35] +2, +3, +4^[36] (a mildly basic oxide)	+2	10	VIII
29	copper	Cu	−2, 0,^[37] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)	+1, +2	11	I
30	zinc	Zn	−2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2	12	II
31	gallium	Ga	−5, −4, −3,^[38] −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3^[39] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	13	III
32	germanium	Ge	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,^[40] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +4	14	IV
33	arsenic	As	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[41] +1,^[42] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	−3, +3, +5	15	V
34	selenium	Se	−2, −1, 0,^[43] +1,^[44] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−2, +2, +4, +6	16	VI
35	bromine	Br	−1, 0, +1, +2,^[45] +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−1, +1, +3, +5	17	VII
36	krypton	Kr	0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown)	0	18	0
37	rubidium	Rb	−1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I
38	strontium	Sr	+1,^[46] +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II
39	yttrium	Y	0,^[47] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	3	III
40	zirconium	Zr	−2, 0, +1,^[48] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	4	IV
41	niobium	Nb	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+5	5	V
42	molybdenum	Mo	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1,^[49] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)	+4, +6	6	VI
43	technetium	Tc	−3, −1, 0, +1,^[50] +2, +3,^[50] +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	+4, +7	7	VII
44	ruthenium	Ru	−4, −2, 0, +1,^[51] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3, +4	8	VIII
45	rhodium	Rh	−3^[52], −1, 0, +1,^[53] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7^[54] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	9	VIII
46	palladium	Pd	0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5^[55] (a mildly basic oxide)	0, +2, +4	10	VIII
47	silver	Ag	−2, −1, 0,^[56] +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)	+1	11	I
48	cadmium	Cd	−2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)	+2	12	II
49	indium	In	−5, −2, −1, 0,^[57] +1, +2, +3^[58] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	13	III
50	tin	Sn	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,^[59] +1,^[60] +2, +3,^[61] +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +4	14	IV
51	antimony	Sb	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[62] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3, +5	15	V
52	tellurium	Te	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide)	−2, +2, +4, +6	16	VI
53	iodine	I	−1, 0, +1, +2,^[63] +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−1, +1, +3, +5, +7	17	VII
54	xenon	Xe	0, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide)	0	18	0
55	caesium	Cs	−1, +1^[64] (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I
56	barium	Ba	+1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II
57	lanthanum	La	0,^[47] +1,^[65] +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
58	cerium	Ce	+1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3, +4	f-block groups	-
59	praseodymium	Pr	0,^[47] +1,^[66] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
60	neodymium	Nd	0,^[47] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
61	promethium	Pm	+2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
62	samarium	Sm	0,^[47] +1,^[67] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
63	europium	Eu	0,^[47] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+2, +3	f-block groups	-
64	gadolinium	Gd	0,^[47] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
65	terbium	Tb	0,^[47] +1,^[65] +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
66	dysprosium	Dy	0,^[47] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
67	holmium	Ho	0,^[47] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
68	erbium	Er	0,^[47] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
69	thulium	Tm	0,^[47] +1,^[65] +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
70	ytterbium	Yb	0,^[47] +1,^[65] +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
71	lutetium	Lu	0,^[47] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	3	III
72	hafnium	Hf	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	4	IV
73	tantalum	Ta	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+5	5	V
74	tungsten	W	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+4, +6	6	VI
75	rhenium	Re	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3, +4, +7	7	VII
76	osmium	Os	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+2, +3, +4, +8	8	VIII
77	iridium	Ir	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9^[68]	+1, +3, +4	9	VIII
78	platinum	Pt	−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide)	+2, +4	10	VIII
79	gold	Au	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[69] +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)	+1, +3	11	I
80	mercury	Hg	−2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)	+1, +2	12	II
81	thallium	Tl	−5,^[70] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+1, +3	13	III
82	lead	Pb	−4, −2, −1, 0,^[71] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +4	14	IV
83	bismuth	Bi	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[72] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3	15	V
84	polonium	Po	−2, +2, +4, +5,^[73] +6 (an amphoteric oxide)	−2, +2, +4	16	VI
85	astatine	At	−1, +1, +3, +5, +7^[74]	−1, +1	17	VII
86	radon	Rn	0, +2, +6	0	18	0
87	francium	Fr	+1 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I
88	radium	Ra	+2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II
89	actinium	Ac	+3 (a strongly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
90	thorium	Th	−1,^[75] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)	+4	f-block groups	-
91	protactinium	Pa	+2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide)	+5	f-block groups	-
92	uranium	U	−1,^[75] +1, +2, +3,^[76] +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4, +6	f-block groups	-
93	neptunium	Np	+2, +3, +4,^[77] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)	+5	f-block groups	-
94	plutonium	Pu	+2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	f-block groups	-
95	americium	Am	+2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
96	curium	Cm	+3, +4, +5,^[78] +6^[79] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
97	berkelium	Bk	+2, +3, +4, +5^[78]	+3	f-block groups	-
98	californium	Cf	+2, +3, +4, +5^[80]^[78]	+3	f-block groups	-
99	einsteinium	Es	+2, +3, +4	+3	f-block groups	-
100	fermium	Fm	+2, +3	+3	f-block groups	-
101	mendelevium	Md	+2, +3	+3	f-block groups	-
102	nobelium	No	+2, +3	+2	f-block groups	-
103	lawrencium	Lr	+3	+3	3	III
104	rutherfordium	Rf	(+2), (+3), +4^[81]^[82]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction)	4	IV
105	dubnium	Db	(+3), (+4), +5^[82]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	+5	5	V
106	seaborgium	Sg	0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6^[82]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction)	6	VI
107	bohrium	Bh	(+3), (+4), (+5), +7^[82]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction)	7	VII
108	hassium	Hs	(+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8^[83]^[2]^[3] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction)	8	VIII
109	meitnerium	Mt	(+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)^[82]^[84]^[85]^[2]	(+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted)	9	VIII
110	darmstadtium	Ds	(0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)^[82]^[2]	(0), (+2), (+4) (predicted)	10	VIII
111	roentgenium	Rg	(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)^[82]^[2]^[86]	(+3) (predicted)	11	I
112	copernicium	Cn	0, (+1), +2, (+4), (+6) (parenthesized: prediction)^[82]^[87]^[2]^[88]	0, +2	12	II
113	nihonium	Nh	(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)^[82]^[2]^[89]	(+1), (+3) (predicted)	13	III
114	flerovium	Fl	(0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)^[82]^[2]^[90]	(+2) (predicted)	14	IV
115	moscovium	Mc	(+1), (+3) (predicted)^[82]^[2]	(+1), (+3) (predicted)	15	V
116	livermorium	Lv	(−2),^[91] (+2), (+4) (predicted)^[82]	(+2) (predicted)	16	VI
117	tennessine	Ts	(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)^[2]^[82]	(+1), (+3) (predicted)	17	VII
118	oganesson	Og	(−1),^[82] (0), (+1),^[92] (+2),^[93] (+4),^[93] (+6)^[82] (predicted)	(+2), (+4) (predicted)	18	0
119	ununennium	Uue	(+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)^[82]^[94]	(+1) (predicted)	1	I
120	unbinilium	Ubn	(+1),^[95] (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)^[82]^[94]	(+2) (predicted)	2	II
121	unbiunium	Ubu	(+1), (+3) (predicted)^[82]^[96]	(+3) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
122	unbibium	Ubb	(+4) (predicted)^[97]	(+4) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
123	unbitrium	Ubt	(+5) (predicted)^[97]	(+5) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
124	unbiquadium	Ubq	(+6) (predicted)^[97]	(+6) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
125	unbipentium	Ubp	(+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)^[97]	(+6), (+7) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
126	unbihexium	Ubh	(+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)^[97]	(+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)	g-block groups	-

References

↑ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1691. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Düllmann, C. E. (2008). Investigation of group 8 metallocenes @ TASCA (PDF). 7th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry TASCA 08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
↑ Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride clusters; see Milovanović, Milan; Veličković, Suzana; Veljkovićb, Filip; Jerosimić, Stanka (October 30, 2017). "Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride Li_nCl_m^(0,1+) (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (45): 30481–30497. doi:10.1039/C7CP04181K. PMID 29114648.
↑ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
↑ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
↑ Schroeder, Melanie. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH₂N₄ (two atoms N(0)) is given in Ronald A. Henry and William G. Finnegan, "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole", _J. Am. Chem. Soc._ (1954), 76, 1, 290–291, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01630a086.
↑ Himmel, D.; Riedel, S. (2007). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That 'AuF₇' Is Actually AuF₅·F₂". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13). 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s.
↑ The compound NaCl has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual stoichiometries under high pressure, including Na₃Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1310.7674. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. PMID 24357316. S2CID 15298372.
↑ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na₂Mg₂²⁺ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..717R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w. PMID 33911274. S2CID 233447380
↑ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.. See also Low valent magnesium compounds.
↑ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al₂(CH₃)₆ with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
↑ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
↑ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
↑ Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
↑ Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.; Khan, Karl & Perutz, Robin N. (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID 96908213.
↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
↑ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆:[Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
↑ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g⁴Δ–a⁴Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
↑ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
↑ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
↑ Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.
↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
↑ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)₃]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction
↑ Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
↑ ^47.00 ^47.01 ^47.02 ^47.03 ^47.04 ^47.05 ^47.06 ^47.07 ^47.08 ^47.09 ^47.10 ^47.11 ^47.12 ^47.13 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
↑ "Zirconium: zirconium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
↑ "Molybdenum: molybdenum(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 "Technetium: technetium(III) iodide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
↑ "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
↑ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
↑ "Rhodium: rhodium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
↑ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO₃⁺ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). "The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. doi:10.1002/anie.202207688. PMC 9544489. PMID 35818987.
↑ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104. PMC 1876520. PMID 17470819.
↑ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018.
↑ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [1], p. 6.
↑ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
↑ "HSn". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
↑ "SnH3". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
↑ Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements" (PDF). p. 39. doi:10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60. S2CID 132399530.
↑ I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. Bibcode:2008RuCRv..77..739N. doi:10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788. S2CID 250898175.
↑ Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871.
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 ^65.2 ^65.3 La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB₈⁻ clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9. PMC 8578558. PMID 34753931.
↑ Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB^3– and PrB^4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. S2CID 56148031.
↑ SmB₆^- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). "SmB₆^– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals". J. Phys. Chem. A 2017, 121, 8, 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247. PMID 28182423. S2CID 3723987..
↑ Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.
↑ Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194–3197. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 10556900.
↑ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z. PMID 11666505.
↑ Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide; see Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). "Observation of the lead carbonyls Pb_nCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505. 122 (3): 34505. Bibcode:2005JChPh.122c4505J. doi:10.1063/1.1834915. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 15740207.
↑ Bi(0) state exists in a N-heterocyclic carbene complex of dibismuthene; see Deka, Rajesh; Orthaber, Andreas (May 6, 2022). "Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects". Royal Society of Chemistry. 51 (22): 8540–8556. doi:10.1039/d2dt00755j. PMID 35578901. S2CID 248675805.
↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ ^75.0 ^75.1 Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). "Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding". Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027. PMID 31276242.
↑ Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464.
↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487.
↑ ^78.0 ^78.1 ^78.2 Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.
↑ Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO₃". Radiochemistry. 53 (5). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica: 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018. S2CID 98052484.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ "Rutherfordium". Royal Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
↑ ^82.00 ^82.01 ^82.02 ^82.03 ^82.04 ^82.05 ^82.06 ^82.07 ^82.08 ^82.09 ^82.10 ^82.11 ^82.12 ^82.13 ^82.14 ^82.15 ^82.16 ^82.17 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
↑ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1691. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
↑ Ionova, G. V.; Ionova, I. S.; Mikhalko, V. K.; Gerasimova, G. A.; Kostrubov, Yu. N.; Suraeva, N. I. (2004). "Halides of Tetravalent Transactinides (Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, 110th Element): Physicochemical Properties". Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 30 (5): 352. doi:10.1023/B:RUCO.0000026006.39497.82. S2CID 96127012.
↑ Himmel, Daniel; Knapp, Carsten; Patzschke, Michael; Riedel, Sebastian (2010). "How Far Can We Go? Quantum-Chemical Investigations of Oxidation State +IX". ChemPhysChem. 11 (4): 865–9. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900910. PMID 20127784.
↑ Conradie, Jeanet; Ghosh, Abhik (15 June 2019). "Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist". Inorganic Chemistry. 2019 (58): 8735–8738. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139. PMID 31203606. S2CID 189944098.
↑ Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Türler, Andreas (2013). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements". The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 415–483. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_8. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
↑ Hu, Shu-Xian; Zou, Wenli (23 September 2021). "Stable copernicium hexafluoride (CnF₆) with an oxidation state of VI+". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2022 (24): 321–325. doi:10.1039/D1CP04360A. PMID 34889909.
↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". In Barysz, Maria; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki (eds.). Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. Springer. pp. 63–67. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
↑ Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Seth, Michael (2002). "Relativistic Quantum Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements. Closed-Shell Element 114 as a Case Study" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.3.133. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 83. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
↑ Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. Bibcode:2000JChPh.112.2684H. doi:10.1063/1.480842.
↑ ^93.0 ^93.1 Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-1402013713. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
↑ ^94.0 ^94.1 Cao, Chang-Su; Hu, Han-Shi; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (2022). "Periodic Law of Chemistry Overturns for Superheavy Elements". ChemRxiv (preprint). doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-l798p. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 84. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
↑ Amador, Davi H. T.; de Oliveira, Heibbe C. B.; Sambrano, Julio R.; Gargano, Ricardo; de Macedo, Luiz Guilherme M. (12 September 2016). "4-Component correlated all-electron study on Eka-actinium Fluoride (E121F) including Gaunt interaction: Accurate analytical form, bonding and influence on rovibrational spectra". Chemical Physics Letters. 662: 169–175. Bibcode:2016CPL...662..169A. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.025. hdl:11449/168956.
↑ ^97.0 ^97.1 ^97.2 ^97.3 ^97.4 Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 (1): 161–8. Bibcode:2011PCCP...13..161P. doi:10.1039/c0cp01575j. PMID 20967377.


v t e Oxidation states comment options (WP:ELEMENTS (talk))
`\|comment=` options (as of November 2018):
comment=acidic	(an acidic oxide)
comment=mildly acidic	(a mildly acidic oxide)
comment=strongly acidic	(a strongly acidic oxide)
comment=amphoteric	(an amphoteric oxide)
comment=basic	(a basic oxide)
comment=weakly basic	(a weakly basic oxide)
comment=mildly basic	(a mildly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic	(a strongly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic expected	(expected to have a strongly basic oxide) -- Ra
comment=oxidizes oxygen	(oxidizes oxygen) -- F
comment=depending	(depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) -- Cr, Mn
comment=rarely non-0, weakly acidic	(rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) -- Xe
comment=rarely non-0, unk oxide	(rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) -- Kr

comment=parenthesized	(parenthesized: prediction)
comment=predicted	(predicted)
comment=<any text>	<any text>, including blank

WP:ENGVAR (set `\|engvar=` in article page)
By default, element articles (and so infoboxes) are in `en-US`. In article space, one can call an infobox with `\|engvar=en-GB, en-OED`, which changes these spellings
`comment=parenthesized`
`\|engvar=`	(parenthesized: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-US (default)`	(parenthesized: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-GB`	(brackets: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-OED`	(brackets: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-FOO`	(parenthesized: prediction)

v t e Chemical element data sets
ID	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name}} · ID overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-Z}} {{Infobox element/Z-to-symbol}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-QID}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol}} (symbol self-check, formatting)
Periodic table	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-group}} 1–18 · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-period}} ① –⑧ · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-block}} s-p-d-f-g {{Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW}} (neighbours in the PT)
Properties (overview)	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-metal-moid-nonmetal}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-occurrence}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-phase}} (state of matter) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes}} IB · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration}} (overview) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol}} · (overview; as used) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-valence-group}}
Etymology	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology}} (11x, non-trivial, overview)
enwiki	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-pagename}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-shyphen-name}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation}} · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-article-quality}} (not in mainspace) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-odd-even}} (Z; to alternate table background)
Images	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image}}, {{caption}}, {{alt text}} · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-spectral-lines-image}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-zh}} (not mainspace) · ID overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-pymol-color}} · {{PyMOL color}} (not in mainspace)
Isotopes	{{saw}} (overview, WD:s.a.w. comparing enwiki-wikidata) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope}} (when not stable only)
Wikidata	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration}} (overview) [WD:electron configuration (P8000)] {{Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol}} · (Overview; as used) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} [WD:oxidation state (P1121)] {{Infobox element/symbol-to-saw}} standard atomic weight (overview; s.a.w. comparing enwiki-wikidata) [WD:mass (P2067)] {{IDs}} · {{Pronunciation}} [WD:Unicode character (P487)] {{elconfig}} [WD:electron configuration (P8000)] {{Infobox element/symbol-to-zh}} · (ID overview) [WD:Unicode character (P487)] — not in mainspace
Overviews	{{IDs}} · {{Pronunciation}} {{Properties}} {{elconfig}} s.a.w. overview · (s.a.w. compare enwiki–wikidata) period 8 overview (E119; theoretical element pages) {{Oxidation state}} · {{List of oxidation states of the elements}} Infobox formatting overview: group, period, block
Data hardcoded (not using these datalists)	{{element cell}} etc., in articles: element cell articles, cell-linked, cell-large, cell-property articles: {{List of elements}} infobox references: List of References (like m.p., b.p.)
nav	{{Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1}}
Category:Infobox element data sets (11) (overviews) · Category:Infobox element templates by element (119) · All pages beginning with Template:Infobox element/symbol-to- · All pages beginning with Template:Infobox element/ meta templates: {{Infobox element}} · {{Infobox isotopes (meta)}}

Content maintenance (editing this data set)

Usage

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Data

References

See also