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Three Gorges Dam

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A map of the Three Gorges Dam and reservoir

The Three Gorges Dam (Chinese: 长江三峡大坝) is a dam in the Three Gorges region on the Yangtze River in Sandouping, in the country of China. Being one of the largest dams in the world, it also generates the biggest amount of hydroelectric power (22,250 megawatts), pushing the massive Itaipu Dam in Brazil from first place to second place.

The Three Gorges Dam project was completed on July 4, 2012.[1] The dam was built for flood control, irrigation, and electricity. However, this has not come without problems. The dam covers a lot of historic sites and has caused 1.24 million people to lose their homes under the rising water.[2] The dam forms the Three Gorges Reservoir, which extends nearly 410 mi (660 km) upstream to the city of Chongqing.

History

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Construction of the dam.

The dam was proposed by Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese political leader, in 1919. The site was surveyed in 1932 and 1939, by the Chinese and Japanese respectively. The Japanese drew up a plan (the Otani plan) for the dam, only to realize later that China would remain under Chinese control. Later, in 1944, the United States helped make plans for the dam, but all work on the dam stopped in 1947, because of the Chinese Civil War.[3] In 1949, work resumed, but the work was slow because of problems in the economy. Later in 1958, some engineers who were against the dam were put in jail.[4]

In 1980, work on the dam continued faster. The National People's Congress voted in 1992 for the dam. The dam was accepted by the government, and on December 14, 1994, construction began.[5] In 2009, the dam began to make hydroelectricity. Some new plans, such as a set of 6 new power generators under construction, became operational in the year 2011. The reservoir filled to capacity at the end of 2008.[6]

Design, cost and purpose

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Part of the Three Gorges Dam

The Three Gorges Dam consists of a main dam wall, and a section on the right with a set of five locks, which are devices used to raise boats and ships.

  • The dam is:
    • 7,575 feet (2,309 m) long
    • 331 feet (101 m) tall
    • 377 feet (115 m) thick at the bottom
    • 131 feet (40 m) thick at the top[7]
  • The dam uses:
    • 27,200,000 cubic meters (35,600,000 cubic yards) of concrete
    • 463,000 tons of steel
    • 102,600,000 cubic meters (1.342E+8 cubic yards) of soil[7]
  • The reservoir is:
    • 574 feet (175 m) above sea level
    • 299 feet (91 m) deep
    • 410 miles (660 km) long
    • 0.7 miles (1.1 km) wide[8]

The dam cost $180 billion Chinese Yuan Renminbi (about $30 billion USD). While this cost seems huge, it actually was $20 billion yuan (about $3.3 billion USD) less than the original budget of $203.9 billion yuan (about $34 billion USD).[9] However, this cost will be recovered when the dam makes money by making electricity. In about 10 years, the complete cost of the dam will be recovered.

Flood control

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A model of the spillways of the Three Gorges Dam, used to remove floodwater from the reservoir.

One of the big reasons the dam was built to control floods. It protects large cities like Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai, which are very close to the river. Lots of farms, small villages and towns, and factories are also located near the river. In the event of a flood, there are 22 cubic kilometers (18 million acre feet) of space behind the dam to hold back the flood waters. The flood waters are stored behind the dam for future use. In the dry season, the water is released down the river, and the reservoir level drops to prepare for the next flood. However, the dam does not protect the lower river tributaries from flooding.

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The navigation locks of the Three Gorges Dam.

Another reason the dam was built was for water navigation, or the transport of people and goods by ship. There are two sets of locks each of which has five stages. Each lock is 918 feet (280 m) long, 114 feet (35 m) wide, and 16.4 feet (5.0 m) deep, which is similar in size to the original locks of the Panama Canal, one of the biggest canals in the world. The reservoir behind the dam floods dangerous sections of the river, so boats and ships can go safely and easily. There is also a "ship lift" (an elevator for ships) that can lift ships that weigh up to 3,000 tons.[10]

Electricity

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Electricity production in China by source. Compare: The fully completed Three Gorges dam will contribute about 100 TWh of generation per year.
  Thermofossil
  Hydroelectric
  Nuclear

The Three Gorges Dam generates 22,250 megawatts, which makes it the biggest single hydroelectric power source in the world.[11] It has 34 electricity generators, and 32 are main generators. Each generator is powered by water that comes from the reservoir. Each of these 32 generators makes about 700 megawatts of electricity. (This is more electricity than the entire electricity generation of Glen Canyon Dam, one of the biggest dams in the United States.) The other two generators will make power for the dam itself. These two generators each make 50 megawatts.

Generators

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Of the 32 main generators, 14 generators are on the north side of the dam. 12 are on the south side of the dam. 6 are in a separate powerhouse under a mountain just south of the dam. The generating capacity of the dam is 10,000 MWh (megawatt-hours), or the amount of megawatts generated per hour.[12] Each main generator weighs a massive 6000 tons (about the same weight as three thousand cars).[13] The water drops 264 feet (80 m) from the reservoir to the generator, which uses a type of turbine called a Francis turbine. Each turbine is 34 feet (10 m) wide and 32 feet (9.8 m) tall. The amount of water that goes into the turbine can be from 1,968 cubic feet (600 m3) to 3,116 cubic feet (950 m3) per second. The turbines turn at a speed of 75 RPM (rotations per minute). The efficiency of the generators is from 94 to 96.5 percent.[14]

Construction

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The 14 main generators on the north side were installed from 2003 to 2005. The first one to begin making electricity (Generator No.2) started on July 10, 2003. The last one (Generator No.9) started on September 7, 2005. The full power (9,800 megawatts) of the north side generators was first tested on October 18, 2006, when the reservoir had risen to 511 feet (156 m) above sea level.[15] The 12 main generators on the south side were installed from 2007 to 2008. The first one to begin making electricity (Generator No.22) started on June 11, 2007. The last one (Generator No.23) started on August 19, 2008.[16]

Electricity production and distribution

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From its completion to March 2009, the Three Gorges Dam has generated about 296,550,000 MWh (Megawatt-hours) of electricity.

One of the giant turbines in the Three Gorges Dam.
Energy produced each year
Year Number of
installed units 		TWh
2003 6 8.607
2004 11 39.155
2005 14 49.090
2006 14 49.250
2007 21 61.600
2008 26 80.812[17]
2009 26 8.441
Total 26(32) 296.955

Three power lines send electricity away from the dam, to three electricity grids called the East, Central, and South China grids.

  • One goes to a power distributor called the East China Grid. This power line can carry 7,200 megawatts.
    • A branch of it goes to Shanghai. This branch carries 3,000 megawatts.
    • Another branch goes to Changzhou. This branch also carries 3,000 megawatts.
    • The third branch goes first to Gezhouba then to Shanghai. This branch can carry 1,200 megawatts.
  • The second one goes to the Central China Grid. This power line carries 12,000 megawatts.
  • The third one goes to the South China Grid. This power line can carry 3,000 megawatts.[18]

The dam provides about 3% of China's electricity. However, the dam was originally planned to supply 10% of China's electricity. The reason for the decrease is, China's energy use grew much faster than the designers expected.[19]

Benefits of the dam

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The Three Gorges Dam nearing completion, looking at its downstream side.

Because of reducing electricity needs on fossil fuels like coal and oil, the Three Gorges Dam has saved 31 million tons of coal per year, and prevented:

The dam has also benefited transportation on the river. Because of the locks (devices used to lift ships) installed on the dam, the benefits are:

  • 6 times the water traffic capacity on the river
  • 25 percent decrease in shipping cost
  • Fuel saved by the dam by replacing land transportation by water transportation has cut carbon dioxide by 10 million tons.[22]

In response to the dam, many sewage pipes that once dumped sewage straight into the Yangtze River now have to be treated. Over 65 percent of this waste water is now treated before flowing into the reservoir. There are now about 50 water treatment facilities in the area. Also, solid waste is now collected in 32 landfills. They can handle 7,664.5 tons of waste every day.[23][24]

The dam also persuaded the government of China to think seriously about the pollution in the Yangtze River and the rest of China.

Disadvantages of the dam

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A total of 1.24 million people had to move to different places because their homes were flooded by the dam.[25] This number is about 1.5% of the total population of Hubei Province (60.3 million) and Chongqing City (31.44 million) where the reservoir is located.[26] 140,000 from Hubei Province alone.[27] On July 22, 2008, most of the people were safely relocated. 4 million more people will ultimately have to move to Chongqing from their homes near the Three Gorges Dam.[28][29][30]

Wildlife habitat and historic sites

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A large amount of animal habitat has also been destroyed. Many animals with critically low populations have lost their vital habitat. These include the endangered Siberian Crane, the Yangtze river dolphin (baiji), and Yangtze sturgeon. About one billion tons of dirty water flow into the Yangtze River each year.[31] The dam has stopped this dirty water from being washed away to Shanghai, and led to serious pollution problems.

The scenic Three Gorges area is now partially flooded by the reservoir.

About 1,300 historical sites have been flooded by the Three Gorges reservoir. Many of these historic sites have been moved to safer places. Some historic sites cannot be moved because of their location, size, or design.

The Three Gorges Dam will become much less spectacular, because the water level will rise up to 300 feet (91 m) in places, reducing the depth of the canyons.[32]

Sediment problems

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A lot of silt (sediment) that is carried by the river has been trapped in the reservoir. Eventually, if the dam is not removed, the reservoir will fill with silt, making it useless. Also, because the river's silt doesn't go downstream anymore, the city of Shanghai will suffer because there has been no silt to replace land that is washed away at the river's mouth.[33] In a high-silt content river like the Yangtze, sediment can clog the dam's outlets, and it cannot release water. The water would back up behind the dam and have nowhere to go, and would eventually go over the dam, making it collapse.

Other dangers

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The dam is also a possible target in war, weakening China's national security.[34] It is also possible that the dam sits on a seismic fault.

Assisting dam projects

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Gezhouba Dam

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Part of the Gezhouba Dam.

The Gezhouba Dam (Gezhouba Water Control Project, Chinese: 长江葛洲坝水利枢纽工程) is an afterbay (smaller dam in front)[35] of the Three Gorges Dam. It forms a pool that extends upstream to the base of the Three Gorges Dam, improving navigation. The dam was built from December 30, 1970 to December 10, 1988. The dam is 8,513 feet (2,595 m) long and up to 154 feet (47 m) tall. It generates 2,710 megawatts of electricity. There are three ship locks at the dam. Lock No.2, which is 918 feet (280 m) long, 111 feet (34 m) wide, and 16.5 feet (5.0 m) deep, is among the 100 largest in the world.[36]

Other dams

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The Tiger Leaping Gorge was the planned location for a dam, but the plan was scrapped in late 2007.

A series of other dams are also planned upstream, on the Yangtze and Jinsha rivers. About four dams are planned on the stretch of the Yangtze River, and they will produce 38,500 megawatts in total.[37] Eight dams are planned on the Jinsha River, and eight more upstream of it,[38] and one original plan called for a dam in the Tiger Leaping Gorge, one of the deepest river canyons in the world. This plan was, however, scrapped in December 21, 2007, because of the gorge's status as a World Heritage site.[39]

References

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  1. ↑ "三峡工程左右岸电站26台机组全部投入商业运行" (in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  2. ↑ Deeply controversial:
    • Lin Yang (12 October 2007). "China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire". Time. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2009-04-01. The giant Three Gorges Dam across China's Yangtze River has been mired in controversy ever since it was first proposed
    • Laris, Michael (17 August 1998). "Untamed Waterways Kill Thousands Yearly". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-04-01. Officials now use the deadly history of the Yangtze, China's longest river, to justify the country's riskiest and most controversial infrastructure project – the enormous Three Gorges Dam.
    • Grant, Stan (18 June 2005). "Global Challenges: Ecological and Technological Advances Around the World". CNN. Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-01. China's engineering marvel is unleashing a torrent of criticism. [...] When it comes to global challenges, few are greater or more controversial than the construction of the massive Three Gorges Dam in Central China.
    • Gerin, Roseanne (11 December 2008). "Rolling on a River". Beijing Review. Retrieved 2009-04-01. [T]he 180-billion yuan ($26.3 billion) Three Gorges Dam project has been highly contentious.
  3. ↑ William C. Jones; Marsha Freeman. "Three Gorges Dam: The TVA on The Yangtze River". Schiller Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-04-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Steven Mufson (1997-11-09). "The Yangtze Dam: Feat or Folly?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  5. ↑ Allin, Samuel Robert Fishleigh (2004-11-30). "An Examination of China's Three Gorges Dam Project Based on the Framework Presented in the Report of The World Commission on Dams" (PDF). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved 2009-04-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ Chris Buckley (2007-11-21). "Landslide near China's Three Gorges Dam kills one". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Three Gorges Dam Project - Quick Facts". ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  8. ↑ "三峡水库：世界淹没面积最大的水库 (Three Gorges reservoir: World submergence area biggest reservoir)". Xinhua Net. 2003-11-21. Archived from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2009-04-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ↑ "Brief explanation of TGP" (in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. 2006-05-20. Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  10. ↑ Dorothea Krebs, Thomas Runte, Gerhard Strack. "Planning of the ship lift at the Three Gorges dam in China". Archived from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2009-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "Three Gorges Dam". China culture mall trading group inc. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
  12. ↑ "三峡机组国产化已取得成功" (in Chinese). hb.xinhuanet.com. 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  13. ↑ Assuming a typical car weighs about two tons.
  14. ↑ "李永安:我水轮发电机组已具完全自主设计制造能力_财经频道_新华网" (in Chinese). xinhuanet.com. 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  15. ↑ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). Government of China. 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  16. ↑ "三峡23号机组进入72小时试运行" (in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. 2008-08-22. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  17. ↑ "Cepn.sp.com.cn". Retrieved 2009-04-02.[permanent dead link]
  18. ↑ "Three Gorges, China". ABB Group. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  19. ↑ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering. 2006-05-25. Archived from the original on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  20. ↑ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Country". Carbonplanet. 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  21. ↑ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). TGP. 2006-06-12. Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  22. ↑ "长江电力(600900)2008年上半年发电量完成情况公告 - 证券之星 (The Three Gorges sluice year transported goods volume may amount to 100,000,000 tons)". Xinhua. 2007-01-23. Retrieved 2009-04-02. translation
  23. ↑ "重庆三峡库区污水和垃圾处理项目建设成效明显 (Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Region sewage and the garbage disposal project construction result is obvious)". 2007-04-19. Archived from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  24. ↑ "湖北省三峡治污项目三年内投入约23.5亿元 (In the Hubei Province Three Gorges anti-pollution project three years invest the approximately 2,350,000,000 Yuan)". Xinhua. 2007-04-19. Archived from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  25. ↑ [中港台] 三峡库区城镇完成拆迁-华尔街日报
  26. ↑ "China dam to displace millions more". MWC News. 2007-10-13. Archived from the original on 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  27. ↑ Liang Chao (2004-07-15). "More bid farewell to Three Gorges". China Daily. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  28. ↑ "Millions forced out by China dam". BBC News. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  29. ↑ Wang Hongjiang (2007-10-11). "Millions more face relocation from Three Gorges Reservoir Area". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  30. ↑ Jiang Yuxia (2007-09-26). "China warns of environmental "catastrophe" from Three Gorges Dam". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  31. ↑ Qing, Dai, 9. The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People (East Gate Book). Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
  32. ↑ Regine Debatty (2007-12-09). "Flotsam, Jetsam and the Three Gorges Dam". World Changing. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  33. ↑ Winchester, Simon (1998). The River at the Center of the World. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 228. ISBN 9780805055085.
  34. ↑ "Annual report on the military power of the People's Republic of China (.pdf)" (PDF). US Department of Defense. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  35. ↑ "Glossary". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on 2007-12-25. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  36. ↑ "Hubei: Gezhouba Water Control Project". Archived from the original on 2004-12-11. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  37. ↑ "中国三峡总公司拟在金沙江上建４座梯级水电站 总装机容量为３８５０万千瓦_中国电力网(www.chinapower.com.cn)新闻中心". Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  38. ↑ "Beyond Three Gorges in China". Water Power Magazine. 2007-01-10. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
  39. ↑ "Chinese Authorities plan to move controversial dam to Tibetan area - www.phayul.com". Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
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