User:Mr. Ibrahem/Autism
Autism | |
---|---|
Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism. | |
Medical specialty | Psychiatry |
Symptoms | Trouble with social interaction, impaired communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[1] |
Complications | Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm, suicide[2][3][4] |
Usual onset | By age two or three[5][6] |
Duration | Long term[5] |
Causes | Genetic and environmental factors[7] |
Diagnostic method | Based on behavior and developmental history[5] |
Differential diagnosis | Reactive attachment disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia[8] |
Treatment | Behavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[9][10][11] |
Medication | Antipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms) |
Prognosis | Frequently poor[12] |
Frequency | 24.8 million (2015)[13] |
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.[6] Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.[1][6] These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism experience worsening in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.[14]
Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[7] Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases.[15] Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven.[16] Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.[17] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), combines autism and less severe forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[6][18]
Early behavioral interventions or speech therapy can help children with autism gain self-care, social, and communication skills.[9][10] Although there is no known cure,[9] there have been cases of children who recovered.[19] Some autistic adults are unable to live independently.[12] An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured.[20][21]
Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people as of 2015[update].[13] In the 2000s, the number of people affected was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people worldwide.[22] In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD as of 2017[update],[23] from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States.[24] It occurs four-to-five times more often in males than females.[24] The number of people diagnosed has increased dramatically since the 1960s, which may be partly due to changes in diagnostic practice.[22] The question of whether actual rates have increased is unresolved.[22]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Landa RJ (2008). "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 4 (3): 138–147. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
- ↑ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ↑ Ruggieri V (2020). "[Autism, depression and risk of suicide]". Medicina. 80 Suppl 2: 12–16. PMID 32150706.
- ↑ Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0). In: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chaste P, Leboyer M (2012). "Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 281–292. PMC 3513682. PMID 23226953.
- ↑ Corcoran J, Walsh J (9 February 2006). Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-516830-3. LCCN 2005027740. OCLC 466433183.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–1182. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sanchack KE, Thomas CA (December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 972–979. PMID 28075089.
- ↑ Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B (November 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 132 (5): e1341-50. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB (June 2016). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 133 (6): 445–452. doi:10.1111/acps.12559. PMID 26763353.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev. 18 (4): 305–319. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241. S2CID 34658024.
- ↑ Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z (2015). "Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". Reproductive Toxicology. 56: 155–169. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007. PMID 26021712.
- ↑ Rutter M (2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr. 94 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952.
- ↑ Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT (2009). "Autism". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1627–1638. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3. PMC 2863325. PMID 19819542.
- ↑ Johnson CP, Myers SM (2007). "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1183–1215. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009.
- ↑ Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D (December 2008). "Can children with autism recover? If so, how?". Neuropsychology Review. 18 (4): 339–366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.2995. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9. PMID 19009353. S2CID 4317267. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ↑ Silverman C (2008). "Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum". BioSocieties. 3 (3): 325–341. doi:10.1017/S1745855208006236. S2CID 145379758.
- ↑ Frith, Uta (October 2014). "Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?". The Psychologist. Vol. 27. British Psychological Society. pp. 744–745. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 28: 235–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
- ↑ Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C (March 2017). "The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 38: 81–102. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318. PMC 6566093. PMID 28068486.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "ASD data and statistics". CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.