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Diatonic scale

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In music theory, a diatonic scale (from the Greek διατονικός, meaning "[progressing] through tones", also known as the heptatonia prima and set form 7-35) is a seven note musical scale comprising five whole steps and two half steps, in which the half steps are maximally separated. Thus between each of the two half steps lie either two or three whole steps, with the pattern repeating at the octave. The term diatonic originally referred to the diatonic genus, one of the three genera of the ancient Greeks.

History

These scales are the foundation of the European musical tradition. The modern major and minor scales are diatonic, as were all of the 'church modes'. What are now called major and minor were in reality - during the medieval and Renaissance periods - only two of seven modes ('church modes') based on the same diatonic notes (but forming different scales when the starting note was changed). Depending on which of the seven notes is used as the beginning, the positions of the intervals, the half-steps, end at different distances from the starting tone, hence obtaining seven different scales or modes which are as already mentioned, deduced from the diatonic scale. By the start of the Baroque period, the notion of musical key was established—based on a central triad rather than a central tone. Major and minor scales came to dominate until at least the start of the 20th century, partly because their intervallic patterns are suited to the reinforcement of a central triad. Some church modes survived into the early 18th century, as well as appearing occasionally in classical and 20th century music, and later in modal jazz.

Prehistory

The earliest claimed occurrence of diatonic tuning is in the 45,000 year-old so-called "Neanderthal flute" found at Divje Babe. Although there is no consensus that this is a musical instrument, there has been one claim that it played a diatonic scale.

There is evidence that the Sumerians and Babylonians used some version of the diatonic scale. This derives from surviving inscriptions which contain a tuning system and musical composition. Despite the conjectural nature of reconstructions of the piece known as the Hurrian hymn from the surviving score, the evidence that it used the diatonic scale is much more soundly based. This is because instructions for tuning the scale involve tuning a chain of six fifths so that the corresponding circle of seven major and minor thirds are all consonant-sounding, and this is a recipe for tuning a diatonic scale. See Music of Mesopotamia.

9,000-year-old flutes found in Jiahu, China indicate the evolution, over a period of 1,200 years, of flutes having 4, 5 and 6 holes to having 7 and 8 holes, the latter exhibiting striking similarity to diatonic hole spacings and sounds.

Theory

Using the 12 notes of the chromatic scale, 12 major and 12 minor scales can be formed. The modern musical keyboard, with its black keys grouped in twos and threes, is essentially diatonic; this arrangement not only helps musicians to find their bearings on the keyboard, but simplifies the system of key signatures compared with what would be necessary for a continuous alternation of black and white keys. The black (or "short") keys were an innovation that allows the adjacent positioning of most of the diatonic whole-steps (all in the case of C major), with significant physical and conceptual advantages.

Analysis

The modern keyboard is based on the intervallic patterns of the diatonic scale.

In music of the broadly western classical tradition the pattern of seven intervals separating the eight notes of an octave (see heptatonic scale) can be represented in three ways, which are equivalent to each other. For a major scale these scale steps are:

• T-T-S-T-T-T-S: where S means one semitone; T means tone (2 semitones)
• 2–2–1–2–2–2–1: where 1 means one semitone; 2 means a tone (2 semitones)
• whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half: where half means one semitone (half a tone); whole means one tone (2 semitones).

The major scale starts on the first note and proceeds by steps to the first octave. In solfege, the syllables for each scale degree are "Do–Re–Mi–Fa–Sol–La–Si–Do". Including the example of C-major (piano white notes), this can be viewed as:

C major:

C

D

E

F

G

A

B

C

Solfege:

Do

Re

Mi

Fa

Sol

La

Si

Do

Interval:

T

T

S

T

T

T

S

The degrees of the scale are also known by traditional names. These names, starting from the bottom of the scale, are the tonic, the supertonic, the mediant, the subdominant, the dominant, the submediant, and the leading tone.

The natural minor scale can be thought of as the relative minor of the major scale, beginning on the sixth degree of the scale and proceeding step by step through the same tetrachords to the first octave of the sixth degree:

A minor:

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

A

Interval:

T

S

T

T

S

T

T

The degrees of the natural minor scale have the same names, except rather than having a leading tone, the seventh degree is instead known as the subtonic.

In solfege this is regarded in two different ways: either as "La–Si–Do–Re–Mi–Fa–Sol–La" or (again) as "Do–Re–Mi–Fa–Sol–La–Si–Do."

Western harmony from the Renaissance until the late 19th century is based on the diatonic scale and the unique hierarchical relationships, or diatonic functionality, created by this system of organizing seven notes. Most longer pieces of common practice music change key, which leads to a hierarchical relationship of diatonic scales in one key with those in another.

Technically speaking, diatonic scales are obtained from a chain of six successive fifths in some version of meantone temperament, and resulting in two tetrachords separated by intervals of a whole tone. For example under this view the two tetrachord structures of C major would be:

[C-D-E-F]-[G-A-B-C]

and of the natural minor of A would be:

[A-B-C-D]-[E-F-G-A]

and the set of intervals within each tetrachord comprises two tones and a semitone.

Temperament and tuning

The diatonic scale has specific properties that mark it out among seven-note scales. David Rothenberg conceived of a property of scales he called propriety, and around the same time Gerald Balzano independently came up with the same definition in the more limited context of equal temperaments, calling it coherence. Rothenberg distinguished proper from a slightly stronger characteristic he called strictly proper. In this vocabulary, there are five proper seven-note scales in 12 equal temperament. None of these is strictly proper, i.e., coherent in the sense of Balzano; but in any system of meantone tuning with the fifth flatter than 700 cents, they are strictly proper. The scales are the diatonic, ascending minor, harmonic minor, harmonic major, and locrian major scales; of these, all but the last are well-known and constitute the backbone of diatonic practice when taken together.

Among these four well-known variants of the diatonic scale, the diatonic scale itself has additional properties of what has been called simplicity, because it is produced by iterations of a single generator, the meantone fifth. The scale, in the vocabulary of Erv Wilson, who may have been the first to consider the notion, is sometimes called a MOS scale.

The diatonic collection contains each interval class a unique number of times (Browne 1981 cited in Stein 2005, p.49, 49n12). Diatonic set theory describes the following properties, aside from propriety: maximal evenness, Myhill's property, well formedness, the deep scale property, cardinality equals variety, and structure implies multiplicity.

In just intonation the diatonic scale is tuned:

C	D	E	F	G	A	B	C
1	9/8	5/4	4/3	3/2	5/3	15/8	2

In Pythagorean tuning the diatonic scale is:

C	D	E	F	G	A	B	C
1	9/8	81/64	4/3	3/2	27/16	243/128	2

See also

• Circle of fifths text table
• Pitch
• Piano key frequencies
• History of music
• Prehistoric music
• Musical Acoustics
• Jiahu Site of oldest still-playable flute—Neolithic
• Diatonic and chromatic

References

• Browne, Richmond (1981). "Tonal Implications of the Diatonic Set", In Theory Only 5, nos. 1 and 2: 3-21
• Stein, Deborah (2005). Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5.
• Ellen Hickmann, Anne D. Kilmer and Ricardo Eichmann, (ed.) Studies in Music Archaeology III, 2001, VML Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH., Germany ISBN 3-89646-640-2
• Kilmer, Crocket, Brown: Sounds From Silence 1976, Bit Enki Publications, Berkeley, Calif. LC# 76-16729.

External links

• Diatonic Scale on Eric Weisstein's Treasure trove of Music
• The diatonic scale on the guitar

Further reading

• Balzano, Gerald J. (1980). "The Group Theoretic Description of 12-fold and Microtonal Pitch Systems", Computer Music Journal 4 66-84.
• Balzano, Gerald J. (1982). "The Pitch Set as a Level of Description for Studying Musical Pitch Perception", Music, Mind, and Brain, Manfred Clynes, ed., Plenum press.
• Clough, John (1979). "Aspects of Diatonic Sets", Journal of Music Theory 23: 45-61.
• Franklin, John C. (2002). "Diatonic Music in Greece: a Reassessment of its Antiquity", Mnemosyne 56.1, 669-702
• Gould, Mark (2000). "Balzano and Zweifel: Another Look at Generalised Diatonic Scales", "Perspectives Of New Music" 38/2, 88-105
• Johnson, Timothy (2003). Foundations Of Diatonic Theory: A Mathematically Based Approach to Music Fundamentals. Key College Publishing. ISBN 1-930190-80-8.
• Kilmer, A.D. (1971) "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115, 131-149.
• David Rothenberg (1978). "A Model for Pattern Perception with Musical Applications Part I: Pitch Structures as order-preserving maps", Mathematical Systems Theory 11 199-234