Voiceless alveolar trill
(Redirected from Voiceless alveolar fricative trill)
| Voiceless alveolar trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| r̥ | |||
| IPA Number | 122 402A | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | r_0 | ||
| |||
The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill /r/ in its phonation (whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating while pronouncing the sound). It is used in a few languages. In languages that also have the voiced alveolar trill, it can be a similar sound or an allophone (another way a certain sound can be pronounced).
In Proto-Indo-European, the sound *sr became a sound spelled ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. This sound was probably a voiceless alveolar trill. It became the regular word-initial (meaning "at the start of a word") allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek. This sound has disappeared in Modern Greek.
Features
[change | change source]Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is trill. This means that this sound is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
- It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Examples
[change | change source]- Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dharumbal[1] | barhi | [ˈbar̥i] | 'stone' | Contrasts with /r/. | |
| Estonian[2] | [example needed] | Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t, s, h/.[2] See Estonian phonology | |||
| Icelandic | hrafn | [ˈr̥apn̥] | 'raven' | Contrasts with /r/. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. See Icelandic phonology. | |
| Lezgian[3] | крчар/krčar | [ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar] | 'horns' | Allophone of /r/ between voiceless obstruents. | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[4] | geer | [ɣeːr̥] | 'odour' | Possible word-final (meaning "at the end of a word") allophone of /r/. It may be uvular [ʀ̥] instead.[5] |
| Moksha | нархне/närhn'e | [ˈnar̥nʲæ] | 'these grasses' | Contrasts with /r/: нарня [ˈnarnʲæ] "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart /r̥ʲ/: марьхне [ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ] "these apples", but марьня [ˈmarʲnʲæ] "little apple" | |
| Nivkh | Amur dialect | р̌ы/řy | [r̥ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨r̝̊⟩. |
| Northern Qiang | [example needed] | Contrasts with /r/ | |||
| Polish | krtań | [ˈkr̥täɲ̟] | 'larynx' | Allophone of /r/ when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology. | |
| Ukrainian[6] | центр/centr | [t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥] | 'centre' | Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t/.[6] See Ukrainian phonology. | |
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] | 'December' | Contrasts with /r/. See Welsh phonology. | |
| Zapotec | Quiegolani[7] | rsil | [r̥sil] | 'early' | Allophone of /r/.[7] |
Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
[change | change source]| Voiceless alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝̊ | |
| IPA Number | 122 402A 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_0_r |
The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to be a sound in any language, except maybe the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. However, it is an allophone (another way of pronouncing a specific sound) in Czech.
Features
[change | change source]Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
- The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- Its manner of articulation (how the sound is pronounced) is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced at the same time.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[8][9] | tři sta | [ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä] | 'three hundred' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants.[10][9] This may be a tapped fricative instead.[9] See Czech phonology | |
| Norwegian | Areas around Narvik[11] | norsk | [nɔr̝̊k] | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.[11] |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[11] | |||||
| Nivkh | (East) Sakhalin dialect | р̌ы | [r̝̊ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized (pronounced) as ⟨r̥⟩. |
| Polish | Some dialects | przyjść | [ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ] | 'to come' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, the area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as /ʂ/. Speakers which make a difference between these sounds (usually older speakers) sometimes pronounce it the same way as well. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna | [example needed] | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It is pronounced the same as /ʂ/ in most Polish dialects. | ||
| Jablunkov | [example needed] | ||||
Related pages
[change | change source]Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Terrill (2002), p. 4.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ↑ Haspelmath (1993:35)
- ↑ Peters (2006)
- ↑ Peters (2006) does not say this directly. However, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:8)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Regnier (1993:11)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:70–71)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:70)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Fabiánová (2011:34–35)
References
[change | change source]- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Fabiánová, Martina (2011), Srovnání české a norské fonetiky (PDF)
- Haspelmath, Martin (1993), A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013735-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Regnier, Sue (1993), "Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology", Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 37, University of Dakota: 37–63
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Terrill, Angela (2002), Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 0-85883-462-6
