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Wappinger

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Wappinger
Wappinger territory (in center, "Wappinges"), from a 1685 reprint of a 1656 map
Total population
Extinct as a tribe[1]
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( New York)
Languages
Eastern Algonquian languages, probably Munsee[1]
Religion
traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Other Algonquian peoples

The Wappinger (/ˈwɒpɪndʒər/) were a Native American people group from southern New York and western Connecticut. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands culture. The main center was in Dutchess County, New York. Their language was part of the Algonquian language family. They spoke the Munsee language of the Lenape people. The Wappinger Totem was the “enchanted wolf”.[2] The groups formed loose bands.[3] They were allies with other tribes in the Northeast, like the Mohican and the Montaukett. The Dutch Henry Hudson was the first to record these people.[4] War with colonists and European diseases weakened the Wappinger. Some of the last Wappinger lived in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Daniel Nimham was the last sachem of the Wappinger.[5] Descendants of the Wappinger moved to Shawano County, Wisconsin.

Name

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There is no clear translation for the name Wappinger.[6] There are many different spellings for the Wappinger. They include:

Wappink, Wappings, Wappingers, Wappingoes, Wawpings, Pomptons, Wapings, Opings, Opines, Massaco, Menunkatuck,Naugatuck, Nochpeem, Wangunk Wappans, Wappings, Wappinghs, Wapanoos, Wappanoos, Wappinoo, Wappenos, Wappinoes, Wappinex, Wappinx, Wapingeis, Wabinga, Wabingies, Wapingoes, Wapings, Wappinges, Wapinger and Wappenger.

Language

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The Wappinger spoke a dialect of Munsee. This was also the language of the Lenape.

History

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Wappinger ate different types of food. They went hunting and fishing. They gathered fruits, flowers, seeds, roots, nuts and honey. They also did agriculture. Plants included the Three Sisters (corn, beans, squash).[7] The Wappinger included many bands with chiefs (sachem).[8]

The first contact with Europeans was in 1609. Henry Hudson reached the area with his Half Boot ship. One officer of the Half Boot wrote about the Wappinger. He said the Wappinger brought goods to these first Europeans. He also said they were well dressed and wore furs and skins.[9] The colonist David Pieterz De Vries wrote that the Wappinger had facial paints, wore animal skins and had long black hair.[10]

The Dutch convinced the Eastern Wappinger to sell their lands. The Dutch killed many Wappinger in the Pavonia Massacre (1643) The rest of the Wappinger resisted the Dutch. They fought the Dutch in Kieft's War (1643-1645). In 1644, the Dutch killed more than 500 Wappinger in the Pound Ridge Massacre. The Dutch were allied with the Mohawks and defeated the Wappinger in 1645.[11]

In 1655, the Wappinger fought the Dutch in the short Peach Tree War (1655). After this war, many Wappinger left their territories and the confederation fell apart. They went to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. This was a praying town. These were towns that colonists created to convert Natives to Christianity.

The Dutch Philipse Family purchased land from the chiefs of the Wappinger. This land was bought in the Philipse Patent. Wappinger sued to get the land back. They did not get their land back.[12]

Daniel Ninham (1726-1778) was the last chief (sachem) of the Wappinger. He went to England to the king. He asked for land rights and better treatement of Natives. The English had some understanding for the chief. However, they did not give land. The treatment of the Natives also did not change.[13]

Daniel Nimham and Wappinger supported Americans in the American Revolution. After the war, the Wappinger moved to Oneida County, New York. They were with the Mohican and Oneida people. Later Wappinger mostly intermarried.

In the 19th century, the Wappinger were forced to leave their land and move to Wisconsin. This is now a reservation for the Stockbridge-Munsee Nation. The US Government recognizes this nation. The tribe runs casino business here.[14]

Bands

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Map showing some Wappinger bands including Paugausset, Quinnipiac and Tunxis.

The following is a list of the Wappinger bands and their present-day locations.

  • Wappinger (proper) (Dutchess County, New York)
  • Hammonasset (Middlesex County, Connecticut)
  • Kitchawank (northern Westchester County, New York)
  • Massaco (Farmington River in Connecticut)
  • Nochpeem (Dutchess and western and northern Putnam counties, New York)
  • Paugusset (Fairfield and New Haven Connecticut)
  • Podunk (eastern Hartford County, Connecticut)
  • Poquonock (western Hartford County, Connecticut)
  • Quinnipiac (central New Haven County, Connecticut)
  • Sicaog (Hartford County, Connecticut)
  • Sintsink (Westchester County, New York)
  • Siwanoy (south Westchester County, New York, southwestern Fairfield County, Connecticut)
  • Tankiteke (western Fairfield County, Connecticut, northern Westchester County, New York eastern Putnam County, New York, southeastern Dutchess County, New York)
  • Tunxis (southwestern Hartford County, Connecticut)
  • Wangunk (central Connecticut)
  • Wecquaesgeek (southwestern Westchester County, New York)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sebeok 1977, p. 380.
  2. ↑ Ruttenber, E. M. (1872). History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell. p. 50.
  3. ↑ Trelease, Allen (1997). Indian Affairs in Colonial New York. ISBN 0-8032-9431-X.
  4. ↑ Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Books. ISBN 978-0-8063-1730-4, p. 47
  5. ↑ Grumet, Robert S. "The Nimhams of the Colonial Hudson Valley 1667-1783", The Hudson River Valley Review, The Hudson River Valley Institute
  6. ↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. (October 1912). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Vol. Part 2 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 913, 1167, 1169. ISBN 978-1-4286-4558-5
  7. ↑ "Wappinger | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  8. ↑ oddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0-1600-4575-2., p. 238.
  9. ↑ Eugene J. Boesch, Native Americans of Putnam County
  10. ↑ Boyle, David (1896). "Short Historical and Journale Notes by David Pietersz, De Vries, 1665". Annual Archæological Report. Toronto: Warwick Bros. & Rutter. 1894–95: 75.
  11. ↑ Axelrod, Alan (2008). Profiles in Folly. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. 229–236. ISBN 978-1-4027-4768-7.
  12. ↑ Kammen, Michael (1996). Colonial New York: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-19-510779-9.
  13. ↑ Smolenski, John. and Humphrey, Thomas J., New World Orders: Violence, Sanction, and Authority in the Colonial Americas, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013 ISBN 9780812290004
  14. ↑ "Seneca Upset Over N.Y. Casino Agreement - ICTMN.com". archive.ph. 2013-01-26. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2022-08-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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