Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Typhoid fever
Overview
[change source]Typhoid fever, is a bacterial illness, caused via Salmonella typhi.[1]
Epidemiology
[change source]The disease, is most common in India.[1]
Epidemiology - Demographic
[change source]Children, are most commonly affected.[1][2]
Onset of illness
[change source]Symptoms typically begin, six to thirty days, after exposure to food or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[2]
Symptoms
[change source]Usually, there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days;[3] weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting.[4][5]
Symptoms 2
[change source]Some people, will develop a skin rash, with rose colored spots.[4]
Severe Cases and Carriers
[change source]In severe cases, there may be confusion.[5]
Causes
[change source]The cause, is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, that grows in the intestines, and blood.[4][5]
Spread
[change source]Typhoid, is spread by eating or drinking food, or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
Risk Factor
[change source]Risk factors include, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene.[1]
Risk Factor 2
[change source]Those who travel in the developing world, are also at risk.[5]
Diagnosis
[change source]Because, symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases,[5] diagnosis requires, either culturing the bacteria, or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.[4][1][6]
Bone Marrow Testing
[change source]Culturing the bacterium can be difficult, so [7] bone marrow testing, is the most accurate.[6]
Prevention
[change source]Typhoid vaccines, have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases, during the first two years,[8] and may have some effect for up to seven years.[1]
Other Efforts
[change source]Other efforts to prevent the disease include, providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing.[4][2]
Infected Persons Quarantine
[change source]Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual, should not prepare food for others.[4]
Treatment
[change source]The disease, is treated with antibiotics. [1]
Resistance
[change source]Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult.[1][9]
References
[change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 83 (6): 49–59. February 8, 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015.
- ↑ Anna E. Newton (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.
- ↑ Alan J. Magill (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 2017-02-28.
- ↑ Milligan, R; Paul, M; Richardson, M; Neuberger, A (31 May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMID 29851031.
- ↑ Chatham-Stephens, K; Medalla, F; Hughes, M; Appiah, GD; Aubert, RD; Caidi, H; Angelo, KM; Walker, AT; Hatley, N; Masani, S; Nash, J; Belko, J; Ryan, ET; Mintz, E; Friedman, CR (11 January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573.