Impuzamugambi
| Part of the Rwandan genocide | |
|---|---|
 Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial. | |
| Location | Rwanda |
| Date | 7 April – 15 July 1994 |
| Target | Tutsi population and some non-extremist Hutus |
Attack type | Genocide, mass murder, mass rape |
| Deaths | At least 800,000[1] |
| Perpetrators | Hutu-led government, Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militias |
The Impuzamugambi was a militia that was created in Rwanda in 1992. "Impuzamugambi" means "those with the same goal" in Kinyarwanda, Rwanda's official language.[2]
The Impuzamugambi was made of young people from an ethnic group called the Hutus. A similar militia, the Interahamwe, was also made of young Hutus. Together, these two militias killed tens of thousands of Tutsis, members of another ethnic group, in the Rwandan genocide. They also killed some Hutus who did not agree with the pro-Hutu government.
About the Impuzamugambi
[change | change source]In 1992, two political parties that supported the Hutu president created the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe. These political parties were extremist pro-Hutu groups.[3][4]
The militias got training from the Rwandan army.[5] Some groups and witnesses have said that French soldiers also trained the militias.[6][7][8] One of the militias' commanders bragged that his men were so well trained that they could kill 1,000 Tutsis in 20 minutes.[9]
The Impuzamugambi during the genocide
[change | change source]On April 6, 1994, Rwanda's President, Juvénal Habyarimana, and Burundi's President were in an airplane that got shot down. Both men were Hutus. As the United States Department of State said later:[10]
| “ | Both presidents were killed. As though the shooting down was a signal, military and militia groups began rounding up and killing all Tutsis and political moderates [members of the government who were not extremists], regardless of their ethnic background. | ” |
Roadblocks
[change | change source]Within half an hour of the airplane crash, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe started blocking the roads in Kigali, Rwanda's capital city. All Rwandans had to carry identification cards that said their ethnic group on them. The militias killed every Tutsi they found.[5]
The militias kept using roadblocks, which became an important part of Rwanda's genocide strategy:[5]
- Identification cards made it easy to tell who was a Tutsi
- Leaders gave the militia lists of people they wanted to be killed; if one of these people stopped at a roadblock, the militia would kill them
- The roadblocks made Tutsis too scared to try to escape from Rwanda on the roads
Door-to-door killing
[change | change source]During the first few days of the genocide, the Rwandan Army and the Presidential Guard took charge of executing people in Kigali. However, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe were with them, and the soldiers taught them what to do. Soon, they were working together. First the soldiers would fire grenades, tear gas, and machine guns into places where Tutsis might be staying. Then the militia were allowed to go in and kill everybody inside. Often, they used machetes or clubs to kill people. Then the soldiers and militia would search, inch by inch, to find anyone who might still be hiding.[11]
In this way, the Rwandan army and the militias killed 20,000 people in the first five days of the genocide.[11]
Spreading the genocide
[change | change source]
According to Human Rights Watch, before April 6, the militias had only about 2,000 members, mostly in Kigali.[7] However: "Once the genocide began and militia members began reaping the rewards of violence, their numbers [increased quickly] to between twenty and thirty thousand for the [whole] country[.]"[7] Eventually, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe grew so much that together they had 50,000 members. That was half as many members as the regular Rwandan Army had.[5]
This allowed the militias to spread the genocide around Rwanda. There were militia all over the country. However, the militia did not do all of the killing in the genocide. They encouraged, and sometimes forced, regular people to kill their Tutsi neighbors, friends, wives, or husbands. If they did not do this, they would be killed themselves.[12]
The militias massacred groups of Tutsis who were trying to hide in places like schools and churches. For example, on April 21, 1994, in the Murambi Technical School massacre, militia members killed almost 65,000 Tutsis in one day.[13][14]
The militias also raped and sexually assaulted many women and girls. Overall, during the genocide, between 150,000 and 250,000 women and girls were raped (though there is no way to know how many of these crimes were committed by militia, and how many by army members).[1]
End of the genocide
[change | change source]The Ugandan army joined the a Tutsi rebel army in fighting the extremist Hutus. Bit by bit, they took control of more parts of Rwanda. Finally, on July 4, 1994, they took control of Kigali.[11]
After this, about two million Hutus ran away from Rwanda to Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo). With the Tutsis in control, the genocide ended.[11]
Prosecution and punishment
[change | change source]Many of the Impuzamugambi were among the two million people who fled from Rwanda to eastern Zaire. The Tutsi and Ugandan armies went after them. According to the BBC, "Human rights groups say the [Tutsi rebel army] killed thousands of Hutu civilians as they took power – and more after they went into [Zaire] to [follow] the [militias]."[11] However, there is no way to know how many members of the Impuzamugambi may have been killed.
However, an international court was able to convict two of the Impuzamugambi's commanders: Hassan Ngeze and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. In 1995, the United Nations Security Council set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Its goal was to prosecute people who took part in genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity.[15]
In 2003, the ICTR found both Ngeze and Barayagwiza guilty of planning and leading the genocide; trying to get other people to commit genocide; and crimes against humanity. They were both sentenced to life in prison. The sentence against Barayagwiza was later decreased to 35 years due to a legal mistake. He will stay in prison for at least 27 years.[16]
Related pages
[change | change source]References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country". Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
- ↑ "Impuzamugambi". Kinwarwarda. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
- ↑ Temple-Raston, Dina (2005). Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes and a Nation's Quest for Redemption. Simon and Schuster. p. 170. ISBN 978-0743284295.
- ↑ Aspegren, Lennart (2006). Never again?: Rwanda and the World. Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application — Essays in Honour of Göran Melander. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 173. ISBN 9004151818.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Immigration and Naturalization Service Resource Information Center (August 14, 2001). "RIC Query – Rwanda: The Role of the Interahamwe Militia During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved April 11, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Melvem, L. (2002). A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed Books. pp. 56-57. ISBN 978-1848132450.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Braeckman, Collette (Human Rights Watch) (1994). Qui a armé la Rwanda? Chronique d'une tragédie announce (In French). Brussels: Group for Research and Information on Peace and Security. p. 41.
- ↑ McNulty, Mel (March 2000). French arms, war and genocide in Rwanda. Crime, Law and Social Change 33 (1): 105-129. doi:10.1023/A:1008394219703.
- ↑ Commander Roméo Dallaire (January 11, 1994). "Outgoing Code Cable – Subject: Request for Protection for Informant" (PDF). Unredacted. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ↑ Background Notes: Republic of Rwanda, March 1998. Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs. United States Department of State. March 1998. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter". BBC News Online. BBC. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
- ↑ Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. p. 247. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8.
- ↑ "Murambi Memorial". Genocide Memorials: Murambi. Institute of National Museums of Rwanda. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
- ↑ "Murambi Memorial". Genocide Archive of Rwanda. AEGIS Trust. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
- ↑ "The ICTR in Brief". Legacy Website of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. United Nations. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
- ↑ Twagilimana, Aimable (2015). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119. ISBN 978-1442255913.