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Antisemitic stereotypes

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Antisemitic stereotypes, also known as antisemitic tropes,[1] refer to the stereotypes of Jews.[1]

Introduction

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Antisemitism,[2] or Judeophobia,[3] is the fear, dislike or hatred of Jews.[2][4] Antisemitic stereotypes were created by those holding beliefs attributable to antisemitism. Antisemitic stereotypes have been rife throughout human history.[3][5]

Consequences

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Antisemitic stereotypes shaped the laws of countless empires throughout history and contributed to around 4,000 years of genocides of Jews, the worst of which was the Holocaust,[6] where at least 6,000,000 Jews (67% of pre-war European Jews) were murdered systematically.[7]

Recent trend

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Further information: Holocaust inversion and Hamas § Antisemitism

Recent antisemitic stereotypes tend to feature the denial or trivialization of atrocities against Jews, especially the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust (or the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries since 1948).[8][9]

Holocaust denial or trivialization

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Holocaust deniers tend to spread the lie that the Holocaust has been "fabricated" or "exaggerated to benefit Israel".[10][11]

October 7 denial or trivialization

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The most recent example is the denial or trivialization of the Hamas-led October 7 massacre within Israel in 2023, whose victims were overwhelmingly Jewish, including several Holocaust survivors.[12]

Stereotypes

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Below is a summary of common antisemitic stereotypes, many of which still believed by nearly half of the world's adult population.[13]

Ancient

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Main articles: Jewish deicide and Supersessionism
  1. Jews killed Jesus[14][15]
  2. Jews betrayed their prophets[14][15]
  3. Jews conspire against Christianity[16]

Middle Ages

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  1. Jews take blood from Christian babies for rituals (blood libel)[16][17]
  2. Jews worship Satan[14][15]
  3. Jews poison wells to cause epidemics, including the 14th century Black Death[16][18]

Modern

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  1. Jews control mass media[16][19]
  2. Jews control banks[16][20]
  3. Jews control governments around the world[21][22]
  4. Jews create wars and revolutions around the world[16][23]

Contemporary

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Further information: Secondary antisemitism, Holocaust denial, Holocaust inversion, and Holocaust trivialization
  1. Jews are rootless cosmopolitans[24][25]
  2. Jews are fake European converts to Judaism descended from the Khazars[26][27]
  3. Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade[27][28]
  4. Jews created the AIDS and COVID-19[29]

Contradictory accusations

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In her 2003 book The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History, Jocelyn Hellig wrote:[30]

Michael Curtis has pointed out the many directly contradictory accusations, claiming that Jews are simultaneously:

Argentinian-Israeli educator Gustavo Perednik (b. 1956) wrote in his book Judeophobia:[31][32]

The Jews were accused by the nationalists of being the creators of Communism; by the Communists of ruling Capitalism. If they live in non-Jewish countries, they are accused of double-loyalties; if they live in the Jewish country, of being racists. When they spend their money, they are reproached for being ostentatious; when they don't spend their money, of being avaricious. They are called rootless cosmopolitans or hardened chauvinists. If they assimilate, they are accused of being fifth-columnists, if they don't, of shutting themselves away.

Polish anthropologist Joanna Tokarska-Bakir also commented on the issue:[33]

When secularism became fashionable, Jews were loathed as ‘dark reactionaries’. Under capitalism, they were persecuted as communists, and under communism, as capitalist [...] whereas ebbing nationalism allows Jews to be stigmatised as crazed chauvinists.

False claims about Judaism

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Since ancient times, antisemites have promoted false claims about Judaism by quoting passages from the Talmud and Midrash out of context,[16][34] judging them by recent moral standards and ignoring the fact that they were written two thousand years ago by those in different cultures.[16][34] Racist scholars have a history of spreading antisemitism by demonizing Judaism under the pretence of academic study to defend themselves against any accusations,[34] similar to Holocaust deniers[35] and some other scholars.[36]

Examples

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Ignatius of Antioch

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In the early decades of Christianity, Church Father Ignatius of Antioch (c. 50–117) claimed that those who followed Jewish custom were "partakers with those who killed Jesus".[37]

Justin Martyr

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Church Father Justin Martyr (100–165) claimed that God's covenant (also known as the Old Covenant or Mosaic Covenant) with the Jews[38] was no longer valid and that Christians had replaced them because the Jews "[had] slain the Just One [Jesus]",[37] who would deserve exile and persecution in the centuries to come.[37]

John Chrysostom

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Church Father John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), who served as the archbishop of Constantinople, wrote in his homily series Adversus Judaeos (Ancient Greek: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων Kata Ioudaiōn, "against the Jews"):[39]

[The synagogue is worse than] a brothel and a drinking shop [...] a den of scoundrels, the repair of wild beasts, a temple of demons, the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of devils, a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ [. ...] demons dwell in the synagogue and also in the souls of the Jews.

As there were only two other ordained individuals in Antioch legally recognized as Christian preachers, Chrysostom managed to promote his ideas to most local Christians.[40]

Nazi Germany

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In Nazi Germany (1933‒45), "criticism" of Judaism was a major theme in state propaganda.[34] Top Nazi racial theorist Alfred Rosenberg justified intellectual attacks on Judaism:[34]

[w]e are not doing so out of disregard of freedom of thought [...] but to attack a legal viewpoint which completely contradicts that of all countries.

Rosenberg and other Nazis saw the Jewish emphasis on following the commandments for small details in life as a sign of "lack of moral understanding",[34] while accusing Jews of "double moral standards" in dealing with gentiles.[34] Some Nazis were experts on Judaism themselves,[34] who were able to attack Judaism in a way more convincing to the public.[34]

Public views

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Anti-Defamation League

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Regarding the matter, American civil rights group Anti-Defamation League (ADL) noted:[16]

This is not to say that Jews have historically borne no animus towards Jesus and the Apostles, or towards Christianity as a whole. In the two-thousand year relationship between Judaism and Christianity, many of them marred by anti-Jewish polemic and Christian persecution of Jews, some rabbis have fulminated against the church [...] But contemporary anti-Semitic polemicists are not interested in learning or reporting about the historical development of Jewish-Christian relations. Their goal is to incite hatred against Judaism and Jews by portraying them as bigoted and hateful.

Rabbi Rowe

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Rabbi Rowe, the former executive of Aish UK, said that the Talmud was "the most natural target of antisemitism",[34] which has been "going on for centuries".[34] The Talmud has been targeted because the Torah is the Old Testament of Christianity,[34] and the secret nature of the Talmud makes it harder for laymen to have enough knowledge to refute false claims made by antisemites about it.[34] Rabbi Rowe noted that antisemitism was always about demonization ‒ making Jews look hateful and demonic ‒ to justify emotional hatred of Jews.[34]

In addition, Rabbi Rowe cautioned that what used to be only Neo-Nazi propaganda was going mainstream due to social media influencers like the Armenian-American businessman Dan Bilzerian,[34] who has millions of followers ‒ across the political spectrum ‒ on Twitter and been exploiting the recent war in Gaza to link Israel with their twisted view of Judaism in order to sway the ignorant away from sympathizing with the Jews.[34] Some false claims made by antisemites about Judaism are summarized as follows.[16][34]

Aspect Summary
Gentile humanhood Myth 1: "Non-Jews are subhumans."[16]
Fact: Mainstream Judaism has never seen non-Jews as subhumans.[16][41] It believes that everyone is equal as everyone is created by God in His image.[16][41]
Treatment of gentiles Myth 2: "Jewish law allows Jews to kill non-Jews."[16]
Fact: Antisemites cite a line allegedly from Rabbi Simeon ben Yochai (2nd century).[16] However, the line refers only to the situation of war.[16] Simeon lived at a time when Jews were forced to fight non-Jews,[16] especially in the Bar Kochba revolt,[16] due to persecution by Roman Emperor Hadrian.[16]
Child sex abuse Myth 3: "Judaism allows sex abuse of young girls."[16]
Fact: This claim was made by Russian Catholic Reverend I.B. Pranaitis.[16] He was found to have distorted Talmud writings to demonize Jews.[16] The Talmud actually treats child sex abuse as rape.[16][42] The distorted writings came from a chapter in the Ketubot discussing victims of child sex abuse,[16] which actually stated that a girl sexually abused before three should be seen as a virgin and deserving of higher status.[16]
Study of Torah Myth 4: "Non-Jews studying the Torah are worthy of death."[16][43]
Fact: This claim was made by David Duke,[16] the former KKK leader and a Holocaust denier.[44] He was found to have cherrypicked a line from a whole passage.[16] Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yohanan said that the misquoted passage did not refer to Jews but the generic "Man",[16] who is supposed to be studying the Torah as a believer rather than making it a subject of study without spiritual commitment,[16] which would be a form of blasphemy.[16] Non-Jews studying the Torah are respected if they are studying it as a matter of faith.[16]
Honesty Myth 5: "As per Libbre David 37, a Jew must give non-Jews a false explanation about the Talmud, or the Jew will be put to death."[34]
Fact: Libbre David 37 does not exist.[34] It was made up by Neo-Nazis who run several disinformation websites.[34]
Gentile acts towards Jews Myth 6: "If a Goy hits a Jew, he must be killed."[34]
Fact: This claim is based on the distortion of Sanhedrib 58b,[34][45] which actually discusses options for dealing with non-Jewish attacks on Jews.[34] It does not incite Jews to kill non-Jews.[34]
Socialization Myth 7: "Tosfot Yevamot 84b[46] says that a Jew eating with a Goy is the same as eating with a dog."[34]
Fact: It is a falsification.[34]
Lost items Myth 8: "Bava Matzia 24a[47] says that a Jew does not need to return an item lost by a Goy."[34]
Fact: This claim is based on the distortion of Bava Matzia 24a,[34] which actually discusses options for dealing with items found lost after a flood or a wild animal encounter.[34]
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1
    • "Louis Farrakhan Delivers Yet Another Sermon Laced With Anti-Semitic Tropes". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). June 1, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    • Hersowitz, Robert (April 6, 2020). "Plagues, Jews and fake news". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    • Klaff, Lesley (2023). "A New Form of the Oldest Hatred: Mapping Antisemitism Today". Mapping the New Left Antisemitism (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781003322320. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    • "Antisemitic Attitudes in America 2024". American Jewish Committee (AJC). February 29, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
    • "The Causative Relationship Between IHRA and Anti-Palestinian Racism". Jewish Journal. July 31, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
    IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1
  4. ↑
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ "Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved October 17, 2024. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to:
    • Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and allies of Nazi Germany
    • Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources
    • Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own genocide
    • Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
    • Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of concentration and death camps devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other nations or ethnic groups
  9. ↑ Webman, Esther (2022), "New Islamic Antisemitism, Mid-19th to the 21st Century", The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, Cambridge University Press, pp. 430–447, doi:10.1017/9781108637725.029, ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3, archived from the original on 22 September 2024, retrieved 26 February 2024
  10. ↑ ""Denial": how to deal with a conspiracy theory in the era of 'post-truth'". Cambridge University Press. 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024.
  11. ↑ Doward, Jamie (22 January 2017). "New online generation takes up Holocaust denial". The Observer. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024.
  12. ↑
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 16.24 16.25 16.26 16.27 16.28 16.29 16.30 16.31 The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics (PDF). Anti-Defamation League (ADL). 2003. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑
  19. ↑ Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6.
  20. ↑ "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  21. ↑
  22. ↑
  23. ↑ Karsh, Efraim (July 2012). "The war against the Jews". Israel Affairs. 18 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1080/13537121.2012.689514. S2CID 144144725.
  24. ↑
  25. ↑
  26. ↑ * Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1987) [1968]. "Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots". In Fein, Helen (ed.). The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 412–427. ISBN 978-3-11-010170-6.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1
  28. ↑
  29. ↑
  30. ↑ Curtis, Michael (1986). Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Westview Press. p. 4.. Cited in: Hellig, Jocelyn (2003). The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. pp. 75–76. ISBN 1-85168-313-5.
  31. ↑ Perednik, Gustavo (2001). La Judeofobia: Cómo y Cuándo Nace, Dónde y Por Qué Pervive (in Spanish). Flor del Viento. p. 26. ISBN 978-84-89644-58-8.
  32. ↑ Perednik, Gustavo Daniel (2004). España descarrilada: terror islamista en Madrid y el despertar de Occidente [Spain derailed: Islamist terror in Madrid and the awakening of the West] (in Spanish). Inédita Editores. ISBN 978-84-96364-04-2.
  33. ↑ Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna (2024). "Part of the Western Left is now a clear and present danger to Jews and the West". Fathom Journal. Retrieved March 27, 2025.
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 34.16 34.17 34.18 34.19 34.20 34.21 34.22 34.23 34.24 34.25 34.26 34.27 34.28
  35. ↑
  36. ↑ "The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History". The Algemeiner. February 28, 2025. Retrieved March 24, 2025. Similar to the Lost Cause phenomenon, anti-Zionism is a popular revisionist movement that reframes the founding of Israel as a colonial enterprise [. ...] reality is most Jews were forcibly expelled from what is modern day Israel into the diaspora by the Babylonians and the Romans [. ...] Arab anti-immigrant activists [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] Arab countries refused to compromise [...] attacked Israel in 1948 [. ...] still determined to eliminate Israel [... .]
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Dr. David R. Reagan. "The Evil of Replacement Theology: The Historical Abuse of the Jews by the Church". Lamb & Lion Ministries. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  38. ↑ Referred to as Israel in his writings.
  39. ↑
  40. ↑ Christine C. Shepardson, Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 93)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Mishnah (Avoth 3:14) and Talmud (Avoth 9b):
    [רבי עקיבא] היה אומר: חביב אדם שנברא בצלם. חיבה יתרה נודעת לו שנברא בצלם,
    שנאמר (בראשית ט:ו), "כי בצלם אלקים עשה את האדם."
    [Rabbi Akiva] used to say, “Beloved is man, for he was created in God’s image; and the fact that God made it known that man was created in His image is indicative of an even greater love. As the verse states (Genesis 9:6), ‘In the image of God, man was created.’)”
  42. ↑ "פיתוי קטנה אונס נינהו."
    One who seduces an underage girl is considered as if he had raped her [i.e., the laws applicable to rapists would apply to the molester].
  43. ↑ J. David Bleich, Contemporary Halakhic Problems vol. 2 (New York: Ktav, 1983), pp. 311-340.
  44. ↑ "Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World" (PDF). Anti-Defamation League (ADL). April 1, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  45. ↑ "Sanhedrin: 58b". Chabad. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Yevamot: 84b". Chabad. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
  47. ↑ "Bava Metzia 24a". Sefaria. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
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