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Historical revisionism

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the study of history writing, historical revisionism is the re-examination of a historical record.[1]

Overview

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Typically, historical revisionism takes the form of doubt about the common description of a past event by presenting counter-evidence and/or questioning the motives of those involved.[2]

Historical reviews are needed from time to time to ensure their accuracy as part of the collective memory.[2] However, historical revisionism sometimes carries a negative meaning as many forms of historical revisionism are not motivated by good faith.[2]

Some engage in historical revisionism to deny genocides (e.g. the Holocaust, Bosnian genocide) and spread prejudice against certain ethnic groups,[2] which can have a dangerous impact on society.[2] Examples of historical revisionism are illustrated as follows.

Holocaust denial

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Countries with laws against Holocaust denial.
The Auschwitz concentration camps would always stand as a testament that antisemitism caused the worst genocide in human history.
A Holocaust memorial outside Auschwitz concentration camp I.
See the main article: Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial is the denial of the Holocaust[3][4] ‒ a genocide led by Nazi Germany that killed at least 6,000,000 Jews (67% of pre-war European Jews) in Axis-occupied territories between 1933 and 1945.[5][6]

Denialist claims

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Denialist tactics

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Just Asking Questions

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See the main article: Just Asking Questions

Just Asking Questions (JAQ) is a pseudoskeptical[10] tactic used by Holocaust deniers to promote lies about the Holocaust by phrasing them as questions.[11] Holocaust deniers tend to claim that they are "only asking questions" about the Holocaust while rejecting any evidence that proves that the Holocaust happened.[11]

Further information: Reddit § Controversies, and Online antisemitism

Writing for the Slate magazine, Johannes Breit, a German historian, stated that JAQ used to be seen frequently in posts made by Holocaust deniers in Reddit's r/AskHistorian subreddit (2.2M subscribers), which caused its moderators to ban them from participation in 2018,[11] while Reddit has been long been criticized for uncontrolled antisemitism.[12] American historian Deborah Lipstadt (1947 – ) commented on JAQ's potential impact:[11]

[... p]roperly camouflaged, Holocaust denial has a good chance of finding a foothold among coming generations.

Sealioning

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Sealioning is a similar concept to JAQ. Sealioning refers to the repeating the same questions that have already been answered while faking ignorance and politeness. It is also common on online forums and social media,[13] where antisemitism, especially Holocaust denial, is widespread.[12][14]

Examples

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Institute for Historical Review

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The Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a self-declared academic group, has been promoting Holocaust denial since 1978.[15][16][16] In several of its papers, the IHR compared the Holocaust to Allied bombings of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan,[15][16] making the false analogy popular among antisemites worldwide.[15][16] While claiming to be neutral, the IHR promotes the lie that "the Holocaust was invented by Jews to "further Jewish-Zionist interests".[15][16]

Ken Livingstone after speaking in the BBC Radio 4 Any Questions? programme at the Nexus Methodist Church, Bath, on 15 January 2016. This photograph is taken in the basement for coffee after the programme.

The IHR also claimed that "Nazi Germany actively supported Zionism" by presenting relevant history without context.[15][16] Some of the IHR's views are shared by figures across the political spectrum, including former London mayor Ken Livingstone (1945 – ), who was a British Labour Party member until 2018,[17] PA's leader,[18] and American Trotskyist activist writer Lenni Brenner (1937 – ).[19][20]

Richard C. Lukas

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Photo of author and historian, Richard C. Lukas.

Richard C. Lukas (1937 – ) is an American scholar, seen by some historians as a Holocaust revisionist.[21] In his 1986 book The Forgotten Holocaust, Lukas claimed that a "separate Holocaust against ethnic Poles" had happened under Nazi occupation.[21][22]

Lukas also tried to expand the definition of the Holocaust to include every other group targeted by the Nazi Germans,[21][22] arguing that "Jewish historians" were "controlling Holocaust history".[22] David Engel, a Holocaust historian, wrote a 30-page article in the journal Slavic Review to criticize his claims,[21][23] pointing out that Lukas invented facts, ignored archival sources and failed to assess secondary sources.[21][23]

Pierre Guillaume

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Pierre Guillaume (1940 – 2023), a French ultra-left anarcho-Marxist activist, published books denying the Holocaust as a "distraction from class struggle" that "played into the hands of Zionism and Stalinism".[24] Guillaume argued that the Holocaust was "no different" from any other racially motivated massacres in history, going as far as calling the Holocaust "a distraction from class struggle" that "played into the hands of Zionism and Stalinism".[24]

Despite being left-wing, Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,[24] many of whom also believed that the Holocaust was "no different" from the alleged Judean massacres of the Canaanites or the Native American genocide,[25] dismissing the Holocaust as an "excuse for extorting compensations from European countries".[26]

David Duke

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White supremacist David Duke in the Saxony region of Germany, summer 2002.
Further information: Ku Klux Klan and White nationalism

David Duke (1950 – ), leader (1974 – 1980) of the White supremacist group Ku Klux Klan (KKK), is widely seen as a Holocaust denier.[27] On December 11 – 13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying conference in Iran upon invitation from Iran's regime.[27] In expressing his rejection of the Holocaust's uniqueness, Duke accused "Zionists [of] weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians".[27] He went on to argue that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the pillar of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."[3][27] He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.[27]

Croatian Wikipedia

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See the main article: Croatian Wikipedia

Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted Holocaust denial by censoring[28] the war crimes of the pro-Nazi Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia (NDH)[29] and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.[28]

Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.[30] The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the Jasenovac concentration camp, in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,[31] as a "collection camp".[28] Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, advocacy groups and media critics.[28]

Following a year-long investigation (2020 – 21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with 80 sockpuppet accounts.[32]

English Wikipedia

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See the main article: English Wikipedia

The English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals on the platform.[33] For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior SS official who invented mobile gas chambers to kill Jews, was portrayed as a savior of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite,[33] while false claims of Nazi war criminals "opposing" Hitler were made.[33] SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in passive voice to make their atrocities look normal.[33]

Those who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from Holocaust-denying sources (e.g. Journal of Historical Review, Nation Europa and Franz Kurowski[33]) misrepresented them as academic consensus and gamed the rules to prevent the removal of such content.[33] The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention,[33] which mainstreamed Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the Holocaust's historical truth.[33] German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,[33]

The English Wikipedia pages are far more sympathetic towards the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS than the German ones [. ...] Wikipedia and Amazon are the worst distributors of pro-Nazi perspectives and the ["clean"] Wehrmacht myth.

In 2023, Holocaust historians Prof. Jan Grabowski and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust[21] in The Journal of Holocaust Research in which they said to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia,[21][34] which involved the exaggeration[21][34] of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers, invention of Jewish "war crimes" against Poles,[21][34] downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and blaming Jews for their own suffering.[21][34] American scholar Richard C. Lukas defended the Wikipedia users involved,[35] repeating his false claim that "Jewish historians" were "controlling Holocaust history".[35]

Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and the Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle,[21][34] leaving the site vulnerable to disinformation:

Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and antisemitic canards.

On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,[21]

As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity.

Some misconceptions about the Holocaust in Poland are summarized as follows:

In 2024, independent journalists uncovered a large-scale off-site canvassing campaign to rewrite Jewish history and reshape the narrative surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, which involved 40 accounts having made as many as 2,000,000 edits to around 10,000 Jewish-related articles.[54] The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member Tech for Palestine Discord channel,[54] where the organizers provided the participants in-depth training (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)[54] on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation[54] and gaming the rules to block others from correcting them.[54]

Reported examples of their revisionist[2] edits include[54]

On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors[57] had been site-banned indefinitely for off-site canvassing[54][57] and "encouraging other users to game the extended confirmed restriction and engage in disruptive editing."[57] Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons.[57] On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign.[58] ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt commented,[58]

[I]t is now imperative for Wikipedia to [...] undo the harm caused by these rogue but prolific editors who [...] wreaked havoc across the platform [. ...] a systemic problem [...] that needs immediate action.

Prominent Holocaust deniers

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Inquisition denial

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Main articles: Inquisition and Spanish Inquisition

From 1478 to 1834, the Catholic Spanish Empire unleashed a systematic campaign of persecution of Jews, historically known as the Spanish Inquisition,[68][69] due to its racist belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (conversos) were mostly faking as Christians,[68][69] including those forcibly converted following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.[68][70] As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over false charges of "crypto-Judaism",[68][69] a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.[68][69] Since the end of Francisco Franco's regime in the late 1970s, archives of the Spanish Inquisition have begun to be declassified for historical research, also coming with associated historical revisionism.[71]

Vatican

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In 2004, the Roman Catholic Church published findings that the judges of the Inquisition were "not as brutal as previously believed".[72] The Church also denied that most trials were carried out by Catholic courts,[72] while claiming that the victims on trial were often "tortured for only 15 minutes in the presence of doctors".[72]

Spain

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For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.[73] Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions[73] to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.[73]

Khazar myth

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See the main article: Khazar myth
Further information: Supersessionism, Nation of Islam, and Black Hebrew Israelites

Khazar myth, also known as the Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi origin, is a disproven antisemitic conspiracy theory[74] claiming that "European Jews descended from the Khazars".[74] Decades of peer-reviewed genetic studies have found no scientific evidence for the Khazar myth.[75][76]

Origin

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French scholar Ernest Renan reportedly came up with the myth in 1808 AD, which has ever since been promoted by fascists,[77] KKK,[78] Neo-Nazis,[74] Arab nationalists,[79] the Nation of Islam (NOI) and the Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI).[63][64]

Black Hebrew Israelites, who refuse to believe that Jesus was Jewish, protested in San Diego, California against the long-standing depiction of Jesus as a "White man" rather than a Black man.
A propaganda poster made by the Black Hebrew Israelites implying that Black and Native Americans are the "real" descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The Black Hebrew Israelites allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White imperialists into different ethnic groups across the Western hemisphere.

Particularly, at a 1947 UN conference on the Partition Plan for Palestine, Arab nationalist speakers Faris al-Khoury and Jamal Al-Husseini cited the Khazar myth to deny the historical connection of Jews to the land and oppose the founding of the modern State of Israel,[79] which has also become a main theme in contemporary antisemitic propaganda worldwide,[63][80] with a substantial degree of influence in Western academia.[63][80]

In an article, historian Dr. Eunice G. Pollack summarized the common beliefs about Jews held by the BHI and NOI:

Dr. Pollack also outlined the differences in the beliefs about Jews held by the BHI and NOI:

Name Beliefs
Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI)
Nation of Islam (NOI)

Research

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As mentioned above, the Khazar myth is an unscientific[75][76] conspiracy theory.[74][78] Eran Elhaik, an Israeli-American scholar who published controversial papers claiming to have found evidence for the Khazar myth, was criticized by several other biologists who conducted genetic studies to disprove his claims.[75][76] In response, Elhaik accused the biologists of being "liars" and "frauds",[75][76] denying that he had ever misused his genomic data to "defame the Jewish people",[75][76] despite Elhaik's papers lending support to antisemites who are promoting the Khazar myth.[80]

Irish slaves myth

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See the main article: Irish slaves myth

The Irish slaves myth is a conspiracy theory claiming that Irish slaves existed in 17th century North America before the arrival of African slaves.[83][84]

Origin

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The myth reportedly originated from the book To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918 – 2000)[83][85] and published by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.[85] The myth has been made popular by Neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers[83][84] in both Ireland and the United States (US) since 2013.[83][84]

Reception

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The myth has been widely condemned by scholars as a far-right conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of African Americans in history,[83][84] who were enslaved until 1865, segregated until 1965 and systemically discriminated against until now.[86] Despite To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop[87] run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.[87][88]

Cambodian genocide denial

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See the main article: Cambodian genocide denial

Similar to Holocaust denial, Cambodian genocide denial is the belief that the Cambodian genocide (Khmer: ហាយនភាពខ្មែរ or ការប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ខ្មែរ), which killed as many as 3,000,000 (1⁄3 of the Cambodian population),[89] did not happen or was not as bad as commonly believed.[89]

Academia

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On the debate about the Cambodian genocide, American political scientist Donald W. Beachler remarked,[90]

Many of those who had been opponents of U.S. military actions in Vietnam and Cambodia feared that the tales of murder and deprivation under the Khmer Rouge regime would validate the claims of those who had supported U.S. government actions aimed at halting the spread of communism. Conservatives pointed to the actions of the Khmer Rouge as proof of the inherent evils of communism and evidence that the U.S. had been right to fight its long war against communists in Southeast Asia.

Despite the abundance of verified testimonies from Cambodian refugees and foreign witnesses, Cambodian genocide denial within academia was widespread in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia etc.[91][92]

Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman

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With the transnational academic-cultural network tied to their status in Western academia,[93] American scholars Noam Chomsky (1928 – ) and Edward S. Herman (1925 – 2017) published several books making the survivors look bad,[93] opposing the genocide classification and the confirmed death toll of the Cambodian genocide,[93] which influenced hundreds of millions worldwide into doing the same.[93]

Gareth Porter

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In 1976, American historian Gareth Porter (1942 – ) co-authored the book Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution with George Hildebrand in which he denied that one million Cambodians had already been killed by the Khmer Rouge. On May 3, 1977, Porter repeated his denial at the Solarz hearing in the U.S. Congress.[94]

Historians have been critical of Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution. Particularly, historian Bruce Sharp conducted an in-depth research on the citations of that book. Of the 50 citations in a chapter of that book, 33 were traced to the state propaganda of the Khmer Rouge, while 6 from that of the CCP,[92] which served as a proof of their confirmation bias and intellectual dishonesty.[92]

Recalling the encounter later in his life, Solarz called Porter's Cambodian genocide denial "cowardly and contemptible," comparing him to those who denied the Holocaust.[95]: 40 

Samir Amin

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Egyptian-French economist Samir Amin had been a good friend of Pol Pot and Khieu Samphan since the time they were studying in France.[96] When the Cambodian genocide was exposed, Amin continued to praise the Khmer Rouge as the most superior communist model.[97] When asked again about the Cambodian genocide in 1986, Amin responded with an inversion of reality by blaming the "American imperialists", Vietnamese communists and Lon Nol for the suffering of the Cambodians.[98]

Responses

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François Ponchaud

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François Ponchaud (1939 – ) is a French priest who lived in Cambodia during the genocide. As a witness, he documented the genocide in his book Cambodge Année Zéro (Cambodia: Year Zero), which attracted biased criticism from Noam Chomsky and Gareth Porter who denied the genocide. In response, Ponchaud called out their intellectual dishonesty,

They say there have been no massacres [...] blame for the tragedy of the Khmer people on the American bombings. [...] For them, refugees are not a valid source [. ...] if something seems impossible to their personal logic, then it doesn't exist. Their only sources for evaluation are deliberately chosen official statements. Where is that critical approach which they accuse others of not having?

Sophal Ear

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Cambodian-American historian Sophal Ear satirically referred to the biased narrative of pro-Khmer Rouge Western academic leftists as the Standard Total Academic View on Cambodia (STAV),[99]

[They] hoped for, more than anything, a socialist success story with all the romantic ingredients of peasants, fighting imperialism, and revolution.

William Shawcross

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British journalist William Shawcross criticized the STAV academics as well. His criticism was endorsed by human rights activist David Hawk who pointed out that

Western governments were indifferent to the Cambodian genocide due to the influence of anti-war academics on the American left who obfuscated Khmer Rouge behavior, denigrated the post-1975 refugee reports, and denounced the journalists who got those stories.

Jakob Guhl

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Jakob Guhl, the Senior Manager, Policy and Research of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), said that Cambodian genocide denial among Western academic leftists was rooted in their dogmatic rejection of liberal democracy,[100] presumption of "moral superiority" of anti-capitalist regimes and division of political actors into binary categories (oppressors vs. oppressed) to justify "anti-hierarchical aggression" towards hypothetical oppressors, who are dehumanized to have their suffering denied.[100]

Rwandan genocide denial

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See the main article: Rwandan genocide denial

Rwandan genocide denial is the denial of the Rwandan genocide,[101] which happened in 1994 Rwanda and involved the systematic mass murder of approximately 800,000 (mostly Tutsis) within 100 days.[102][103] Since the end of the Rwandan genocide, there have been deniers of the genocide worldwide across the political spectrum.[101]

Edward S. Herman and David Peterson

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Two of the notable deniers were American economist Edward S. Herman (1925 – 2017) and David Peterson.[101] They published two books in 2010 and 2014 respectively accusing Western media of "selling" the Rwandan genocide as a genocide for the sake of "promoting" what these two scholars claimed to be "economic and intellectual agendas of the U.S.",[101] despite the actual lack of Western media attention to the events during the Rwandan genocide.[104]

Meanwhile, Edward S. Herman had published several books objecting to the genocide classification and the confirmed death toll of the Cambodian genocide[93] and Bosnian genocide,[105][106] making him a subject of media criticism.[105][106]

Charles Onana

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In December 2024, French-Cameroonian writer Charles Onana was convicted of downplaying the Rwandan genocide.[107] He was ordered to pay €8,400, while his publisher to pay €5,000, as the laws in France ban the denial of any genocide recognized by the French government.[107]

Other examples

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References

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  1. ↑ Krasner, Barbara, ed. (2019). Historical Revisionism. Current Controversies. New York: Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 15. ISBN 9781534505384. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2020. The ability to revise and update historical narrative – historical revisionism – is necessary, as historians must always review current theories and ensure they are supported by evidence. … Historical revisionism allows different (and often subjugated) perspectives to be heard and considered.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved October 17, 2024. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to:
    • Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and allies of Nazi Germany
    • Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources
    • Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own genocide
    • Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
    • Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of concentration and death camps devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other nations or ethnic groups
  4. ↑
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: : who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a definition Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004, Retrieved 6 March 2013
  9. ↑ Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004, Retrieved 6 March 2013
  10. ↑ Faking as being neutral about a topic to hide one's bias.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1
  13. ↑
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 "Institute for Historical Review (IHR)". Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Retrieved February 6, 2025.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5
  17. ↑ "Ken Livingstone repeats claim about Nazi-Zionist collaboration". The Guardian. March 30, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
  18. ↑
  19. ↑
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 21.20 21.21 21.22 21.23 21.24 21.25 21.26 21.27 21.28 21.29 Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (February 9, 2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 37 (2): 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Richard Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986). David Engel, “Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity,” Slavic Review, vol. 46, no. 3/4 (1987): pp. 568–80.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Engel, David (1991). "David Engel Replies to Richard C. Lukas". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 742–747. doi:10.1017/S0037677900115955. Retrieved February 28, 2025. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 January 2017
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4
  25. ↑ "Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen". Le Monde. September 8, 1989. Retrieved December 26, 2024.
  26. ↑ Levy, Richard S.; Donahue, William Collins; Madigan, Kevin; Morse, Jonathan; Shevitz, Amy Hill; Stillman, Norman A.; Bell, Dean Phillip (2005). "Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998)". Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851094394. Retrieved December 26, 2024.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 "Iranian leader says Israel will be 'wiped out'". NBC News. December 11, 2006. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3
  29. ↑ "The Holocaust in Croatia". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  30. ↑ "Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani" [Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries"]. Novi list (in Croatian). September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ "Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta". Meta Wikimedia. Retrieved 2021-06-14. Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and socio-cultural positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian radical right political parties and ultra-conservative populist movements. The group has been using its positions of power to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and subvert Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "May‒June issue". Polish American Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Wikipedia article, “Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust,” Wikipedia, revision from 8:06, May 24, 2022,
  37. ↑ Karyn Ball and Per Anders Rudling, “The Underbelly of Canadian Multiculturalism: Holocaust Obfuscation and Envy in the Debate about the Canadian Museum for Human Rights,” Holocaust Studies, vol. 20, no. 3 (2014): pp. 33–80.
  38. ↑ C. Łuczak, “Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945,” Dzieje Najnowsze 2 (1994): pp. 9–15.
  39. ↑ Ryszard Walczak et al. (eds.), Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust (Warszawa: IPN, 1997).
  40. ↑ Martyna Grądzka-Rejak and Aleksandra Namysło, (eds.), Represje za pomoc Żydom na okupowanych ziemiach polskich w czasie II wojny światowej, vol. 1 (Warsaw: IPN, 2019), p. 464.
  41. ↑ Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), p. 15.
  42. ↑
  43. ↑ Natalia Sawka, “Antysemita Leszek Żebrowski poprowadzi wykład o ‘żołnierzach wyklętych,’” Gazeta Wyborcza, March 1, 2016
  44. ↑ The “Israeli War Crimes Commission” statistics seem to originate from an essay from the 1960s by one Leo Heiman, which provides no footnote. Leo Heiman, “Ukrainians and the Jews,” in Ukrainians and Jews, Articles, Testimonies, Letters and Official Documents Dealing with Interrelations of Ukrainians and Jews in the Past and Present: A Symposium (New York: The Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1966), p. 60.
  45. ↑ Machcewicz and Persak, (eds.), Wokół Jedwabnego; Jan Grabowski and Barbara Engelking, (eds.), Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night Without End: The Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland), 2 vols. (Warsaw: Polish Center for Holocaust Research, 2018).
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Engelking and Grabowski, (eds.), Dalej jest noc; Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe, “Polnische Bürgermeister und der Holocaust im Generalgouvernement Besatzung, Kollaboration und Handlungsmöglichkeiten,” Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts, (2021), pp. 26–35.
  47. ↑
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Andrzej Żbikowski, Polacy i Zydzi pod okupacja niemiecką, 1939-1945: Studia i Materiały (Warsaw: IPN, 2006), pp. 482–84.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 The Third Decree of General Governor Hans Frank concerning restrictions on residency in the Generalgouvernement and introducing the death penalty for aid rendered to Jews, October 15, 1941; Verordnungsblatt für das Generalgouvernement. Dziennik Rozporządzeń dla Generalnego Gubernatorstwa, Cracow, October 25, 1941, p. 595.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Adam Puławski, “Revisiting Jan Karski’s Final Mission,” Israeli Journal of Foreign Affairs, vol. 15, no. 2 (2021): pp. 289–97; Adam Puławski, Wobec niespotykanego w dziejach mordu. Rząd RP na uchodźstwie, Delegatura Rządu RP na Kraj, AK a eksterminacja ludności żydowskiej od wielkiej akcji do powstania w getcie warszawskim (Chełm: Stowarzyszenie Rocznik Chełmski, 2018).
  51. ↑ Wikipedia article, “Nazi Crimes Against the Polish Nation,” Wikipedia, revision from 14:14, June 15, 2022,
  52. ↑ Geoffrey P. Megargee, ed., Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, vol. 1: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA) (Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2009), p. 692.
  53. ↑ "Omer Bartov and Joanna Tokarska-Bakir Were Awarded with the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Prize". Yad Vashem. December 8, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2025.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6
  55. ↑
  56. ↑
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "What is Opus Dei, and why is it so controversial — both in and out of the Catholic Church?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). January 30, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2024.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 McDermott, Jim (January 13, 2023). "Mel Gibson and the dangers of Catholic antisemitism". American Magazine. Retrieved December 29, 2024.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4
  64. ↑ 64.00 64.01 64.02 64.03 64.04 64.05 64.06 64.07 64.08 64.09 64.10 64.11 64.12
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Reid, Donald (March 29, 2022). "Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche". French Cultural Studies. 33 (3). doi:10.1177/09571558221078450. Retrieved December 26, 2024. Open access
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3
  70. ↑ "Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain". American Jewish Committee (AJC). May 4, 2023. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  71. ↑ Iarocci, Michael P. (1 March 2006). Properties of Modernity. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 218. ISBN 0-8265-1522-3.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Jones, Sam (April 29, 2018). "Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities". The Guardian. Retrieved December 24, 2024. Campaigners want to reclaim the country's past from 'distorted propaganda'
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4
  77. ↑ Pound & Zukofsky 1987, p. xxi, citing letters of 10 July 1938 and 24/25 September 1955. Ahearn speculates that [Ezra] Pound may have thought:'If there were no such people as Jews, then the problem of indiscriminate anti-Semitism would disappear. On could focus one’s attention on usurers of whatever description.'
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Gardell 2002, p. 165.'The formative period of Christian Identity[broken anchor] could roughly be said to be the three decades between 1940 and 1970. Through missionaries like Wesley Swift, Bertrand Comparet and William Potter Gale, it took on a white racialist, anti-Semitic, anti-Communist and far-right conservative political outlook. Combined with the teachings of early disciples Richard G. Butler, Colonel Jack Mohr and James K. Warner, a distinctly racist theology was gradually formed. Whites were said to be the Adamic people, created in His likeness. A notion of a pre-earthly existence is found in an important substratum, teaching that whites either had a spiritual or extraterrestrial pre-existence. Blacks were either pre-Adamic soulless creatures or represented fallen, evil spirits, but they were not the chief target of fear and hatred. This position was reserved for Jews. The latent anti-Semitism found in British-Israelism rose to prominence. Jews were, at best, reduced to mongrelized imposters, not infrequently identified with Eurasian Khazars without any legitimate claim to a closeness with God, and at worst denounced as the offspring of Satan.'
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Harkabi 1987, p. 424: "Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was translated from Harkabi Hebrew text 'Arab Antisemitism' in Shmuel Ettinger, Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism (Hebrew), 1968, p.50.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2
  81. ↑ 81.00 81.01 81.02 81.03 81.04 81.05 81.06 81.07 81.08 81.09 81.10 81.11 81.12 81.13 Pollack, Eunice G. (December 9, 2022). "Kyrie Irving and Louis Farrakhan are 2 variants of Black antisemitism. What's the difference?". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). Retrieved February 25, 2025. A "documentary" that demonizes Jews and delegitimizes Judaism and the Jewish state helped Kyrie Irving "know who" he is.
  82. ↑ Descendants of Cain.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "About Sean O'Callaghan". The O'Brien Press. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
  86. ↑
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland". Sinn Féin Bookshop. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  88. ↑
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1
  90. ↑ Beachler, Donald W. (2009) "Arguing about Cambodia: Genocide and Political Interest" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23(2):214–38.
  91. ↑ Ear, Sophal (May 1995). The Khmer Rouge Canon 1975–1979: The Standard Total Academic View on Cambodia (PDF) (BA thesis). Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Sharp, Bruce (2023) [2003]. "Averaging Wrong Answers: Noam Chomsky and the Cambodian Controversy". Mekong Network. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4
  94. ↑ Human Rights in Cambodia." Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 95th Congress, 1st Session. 1977 May 3. Also available via Google Books.
  95. ↑ Thompson, Larry Clinton. 2010. Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975–1982. Jefferson, NC: MacFarland.
  96. ↑ "Specters of Dependency: Hou Yuon and the Origins of Cambodia's Marxist Vision (1955–1975) | Cross-Currents". cross-currents.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  97. ↑ Jackson, Karl (2014). Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death. Princeton University Press. p. 246. ISBN 9781400851706.
  98. ↑ Gough, Kathleen (Spring 1986). "Roots of the Pol Pot Regime in Kampuchea". Contemporary Marxism (12/13).
  99. ↑ Ear, Sophal (May 1995). The Khmer Rouge Canon 1975–1979: The Standard Total Academic View on Cambodia (PDF) (BA thesis). Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Guhl, Jakob (January 8, 2025). "Left Wing Extremism". Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD). Retrieved January 14, 2025. [H]igh-profile far-left writers [...] downplayed the severity of the Holodomor [...] Decades later [...] Noam Chomsky argued that reports based on refugee testimony about the Cambodian genocide [...] were exaggerated propaganda [. ...] antisemitism on the far-left has a long history, including the persecution [...] against Soviet Jews [...] targeting Jewish institutions [. ...] prevalence of [...] conspiracy mentality provide two major openings to antisemitism.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3
  102. ↑
  103. ↑
  104. ↑ Kuperman, Alan J (2000). "How the Media Missed Rwandan Genocide". International Press Institute (1). Retrieved December 18, 2024. Western media [...] failed to report that a nationwide killing campaign was under way in Rwanda until almost three weeks into the violence [. ...] some 250,000 Tutsi had already been massacred.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1
  108. ↑
  109. ↑
  110. ↑
  111. ↑ "Congresswoman Luna and the JFK Files: How Antisemitic Conspiracy Theorists Hijack History to Spread Hate". Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM). February 19, 2025. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  112. ↑
  113. ↑
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